The Sino-Caucasian database, compiled by S. Starostin and parental to North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yenisseian and Burushaski databases. Does not yet include Na-Dene.
Table of correspondences
PHONEME | CAUC | STIB | YEN | BURU |
a | a | e, a, ǝ | a (ɔ), e (ä), ǝ | |
ä | ä | a, i | e (ä), ǝ | |
e | e, i | a, ǝ | a, e (ä), ǝ | |
ǝ | ǝ, ɨ | a | a, ǝ | |
i | i, e | e, i | i | |
ɨ | ɨ, ǝ | ɨ, i | i, ɨ | |
o | o | (i)ǝ, a | u, ǝ | |
u | o, u | u | o (ɔ), u | |
ʔ | ʔ | ʔ/0 | ʔ-, j; ʔw > h/x | 0/h/j |
ʡ | ʡ | 0, ʡw > qʷ | ʔ-, j, 0; ʡw > h/x | 0/h/j |
ʕ | ʕ | ʔ/0;ʕw > ʔʷ | ʔ; ʔw > h/x | 0/h/j |
h | h | ɣ; hw > ʔʷ, w | ʔ-, j; hw > h/x | 0/h/j |
ħ | ħ | ʔ/0 | ʔ-, j; ħw > h/x | 0/h/j |
ɦ | ɦ | q? | ʔ-, w-, j | |
p | p | ph, -p | p | ph-, p |
ṗ | ṗ, b | p-, -p | b | p |
b | b | p, ph, -p | p | b |
m | m | m | b-/p-/w-, m | m |
xm ? | f | m | w- | |
w | w (u̯) | w/0 | 0-, w/0 | b-, 0(u) |
t | t | th, -t | d | th |
ṭ | ṭ | t, -t | d | t, ṭ (ḍ) |
d | d | t, th, -t | t | t, ṭ (ḍ) |
n | n | n | d-, n | n |
r | r | r | ʔ-/t-, r, r1 | d-, r |
k | k | k-, -k | g, -k- | k(h) |
ḳ | ḳ | kh, gh, -k | g-, -k, -g- | k |
g | g | k-, -k | k | g |
x | x | χ-, -0 | x, χ ~ G | h |
ɣ | ɣ | g | q ~ χ | |
ŋ | n | ŋ | b-, ŋ | 0-, ŋ |
xŋ ? | x | ŋ | | |
ŋw | m | ŋ | b-, ŋ | ̇m-, -n/-m |
xŋw | f | ŋ | b-, ŋ | h- |
xg | g | k~q, -ŋ, -k | q, x, χ | g |
xk | χ | k-,-k | q-, q/G (ʔχ) | h-,-q-,-ɣ |
xḳ | ḳ | k-, kh- ~ gh- ~ qh-, -k | q, G, χ | qh, ɣ, -q |
c | c | ch/s, -t | s | s |
c̣ | c̣ | C, -t | c, s | ś- ~ ṣ-, s |
ʒ | ʒ | ch, ʒh | ʒ, s | s |
s | s | s (/ch), -0 | s, d-(Vʔ) | d-, s |
z | z | | ʒ | ʒ́ |
ć | ć | ć, ʒ́h, -t | ǯ-, s | s/ś, ć/c̣, -ź |
ć̣ | ć̣ | ć, ʒ́h, ś, -t | s, c | ć(h), ʒ́/ʒ̣, -ź |
ʒ́ | ʒ́ | ć, -t | s, ǯ | ʒ́-/ʒ̣-, s/ś |
ś | ś | s (/ch), -0 | s, d-(Vʔ) | d-, ś/ṣ(V́) |
ź ? | ź | | ǯ | |
ŕ | r | rj1, r | ŕ | d-, r |
ń | n | ń-, ŋ | ń, n | n |
j | j | j | j, 0 | j, 0 |
č | č | ć, ʒ́h | č-(/ǯ-), s | ś/ṣ, ć/c̣, -ź |
č̣ | č̣ | ć, ʒ́h | s, č, ǯ | ś/ṣ, ć/c̣, -ź |
ǯ | ǯ | ć, ʒ́ | ǯ | ć/c̣, ʒ́ |
š | š | ś-, -0 | s, d-(Vʔ) | s/ś/ṣ |
ƛ | ƛ | r(..L), -k | j-, χ | lt-, lt/l |
ƛ̣ | ƛ̣ | ƛ, l, r(..L), -k/-ŋ | j-, l, ĺ | lt-, lt/l |
Ł | Ł | ƛ, l, -k | r, r1 | lt-, lt/l |
ʎ | ʎ | l, ƛ | j-, l, ĺ | lt- (lṭ-), ld |
l | l | ƛ, -r-, -r | d-, l ~ r, r1 | l |
ɫ | ɫ | l-, -ɫ, -l | d-, r1, r | l |
q | q | qh-, G-, x-, ɣ-; -k/-ŋ | q-, q/G | q(h), ɣ |
q̇ | q̇ | Gh-, q; -k, -ŋ | q-, q/G | q(h), ɣ |
G | G | q, qh-, [G(h)-], k/-ŋ | x-/χ-, q/G | q(h), ɣ |
χ | χ | χ, ɣ, qhʷ-, -0 | χ, x | h |
ʁ | ʁ | G-, q-, -j/-w | χ, G | 0/ɣ |
xq | q | k, g, -k | x, χ | qh, ɣ, -q |
xqw | qw | k, g, -k | x, g | k, g |
xq̇ | q̇ | gh, (k) | q, χ, x | qh, ɣ |
xq̇w | q̇w | k, kh | x, g | k, g |
xG | G, (ʁ) | g, kh | q, χ, x | qh, q |
xGw | Gw | ghw, kw | k | k, g |
sd | ʒ | ? ć ~ ś ~ ʒ́h | t | c ( ~ ch, c̣h) |
st | c | ch/s, -t(s), -s | t | c |
sṭ | c̣ | ch/s | t | c ( ~ c̣) |
šd | ǯ | ć | t | ć(h), ʒ́ |
št | č, ?ć | ʒ́ | t | ̣? |
šṭ | č̣ | | t | ? |