Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Romance group (Indo-European family).

Languages included: Archaic Latin [rom-plt]; Late Classical Latin [rom-apl]; Megleno Romanian [rom-ruq]; Istro Romanian [rom-ruo]; Aromanian [rom-rup]; Romanian [rom-ron]; Dalmatian [rom-dlm]; Friulian [rom-fur]; Gardenese Ladin [rom-grd]; Fassano Ladin [rom-fas]; Rumantsch Grischun [rom-roh]; Sursilvan Romansh [rom-srs]; Surmiran Romansh [rom-srm]; Vallader Romansh [rom-val]; Lanzo Torinese Piemontese [rom-ltr]; Barbania Piemontese [rom-brb]; Carmagnola Piemontese [rom-crm]; Turinese Piemontese [rom-tur]; Vercellese Piemontese [rom-vrc]; Bergamo Lombard [rom-brg]; Plesio Lombard [rom-pls]; Ravennate Romagnol [rom-rvn]; Ferrarese Emiliano [rom-frr]; Carpigiano Emiliano [rom-crp]; Reggiano Emiliano [rom-reg]; Rapallo Ligurian [rom-rpl]; Genoese Ligurian [rom-gen]; Stella Ligurian [rom-stl]; Venice Venetian [rom-vec]; Primiero Venetian [rom-pri]; Bellunese Venetian [rom-bel]; Italian, Old [dan-rom]; Standard Italian [rom-ita]; Grosseto Tuscan Italian [rom-gro]; Foligno Italian [rom-fol]; Neapolitan [rom-nap]; Logudorese [rom-src]; Campidanese [rom-sro]; Palermitan Sicilian [rom-plr]; Messinese Sicilian [rom-msn]; Catanian Sicilian [rom-ctn]; South-Eastern Sicilian [rom-ses]; Central Catalan [rom-ctc]; North-Western Catalan [rom-cnw]; Minorcan Catalan [rom-min]; Castelló de la Plana Catalan [rom-cdp]; Valencia Catalan [rom-vln]; Manises Catalan [rom-man]; Castilian Spanish [rom-cas]; Asturian [rom-ast]; Standard Portuguese [rom-por]; Galician [rom-glg]; Provençal Occitan [rom-opr]; Savoyard Franco-Provençal [rom-frp]; French, Old [rom-chr]; Standard French [rom-fra]; Picard [rom-pcd]; Walloon [rom-wln].

DATA SOURCES

General

Beekes 2010 = Beekes R. S. P. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Chelysheva 2001 = Челышева И. И. Диалекты Италии[Chelysheva, I. I. The dialects of Italia]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 91-145. // A grammar sketch of the Italian lects.

Haiman & Benincà 1992 = Haiman J., Benincà P. The Rhaeto-Romance languages. London, New York: Routledge. // A sketch of Romansh, Ladin and Friulian languages.

Orel 1998 = Orel, Vladimir. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden/Boston/Köln: Brill. // One of the latest major reference works on Albanian etymology. Contains important original work on the reconstruction of Proto-Albanian and its external connections, with references to etymological research of all of the author's predecessors.

Prati 1951 = Prati A. Vocabolario etimologico italiano. Torino: Tip. Ditta Fratelli Pozzo.

Walde & Hofmann 1938 = Walde A., Hofmann J. B. Lateinisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.

I. Latin.

All Latin texts are available at the Latin Library: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com.

Quotations from Plautus' texts are given in the English translation done by H. T. Riley (available at: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/), with the exception of Vidularia which was translated by P. Nixon (available at: http://www.archive.org/stream/plautuswithengli05plauuoft#page/336/mode/2up).

Cato's De agri cultura is quoted in W. D. Hooper's and H. B. Ash's translation (available at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/home.html).

Quotations from "Metamorphoses" are given in the English translation done by A. S. Kline (available at: http://www.poetryintranslation.com/klineasapuleius.htm), which is written in a more modern language than the сlassic translation by W. Adlington (1566). "Apology" was translated by H. E. Butler (available at: http://www.chieftainsys.freeserve.co.uk/apuleius_apology01.htm), "Florida" is quoted according to http://www.attalus.org/translate/florida.html.

Translation of "Attic Nights" (books 1-13) can be found at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/home.html; books 14-20 are available in an older translation: https://archive.org/stream/atticnightsaulu02gellgoog#page/n335/mode/2up.

The English translation of "Satyricon" is available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5225/5225-h/5225-h.htm.

The text of the Bible is quoted according to Contemporary English Version (1999), available at: http://www.biblija.net/biblija.cgi?l=en.

Kroonen 2013 = Kroonen, G. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Lewis & Short 1958 = Lewis, Ch., Short, Ch. A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Normanskaya 2005 = Норманская, Ю. В. Генезис и развитие системы цветообозначений в древних индоевропейских языках [Normanskaya Yu. V. The genesis and development of colour designations system in the ancient Indo-European languages]. М.: Спорт и культура // A series of etymological sketches on colour names in Indo-European languages, including Latin.

OLD 1968 = Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press // A comprehensive dictionary of the Latin language.

Passera 1998 = Passera, E. The semantic evolution of the late Latin terms domina, femina and mulier in the Italian language. // Quaderni d'italianistica, XIX, 2, 1998, 105-125.

Solopov 2007 = Солопов, А. И. Цветообозначения в латинском языке [Solopov A. I., Colour designations in the Latin langugae]. In: Наименования цвета в индоевропейских языках. М.: КомКнига, 2007, 66-76 // A short description of colour designations in Latin.

De Vaan 2008 = De Vaan, M. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages, Leiden, Boston: Brill.

II. Megleno Romanian.

Capidan 1925 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Istoria și graiul lor. București: Cultura Națională. // A grammar sketch of the Megleno Romanian language.

Capidan 1928 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Literatura populară la meglenoromâni. București: Cultura Națională. // Megleno Romanian texts (folk songs, fairy tales, riddles and proverbs).

Capidan 1935 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Dicționar meglenoromân. București: Cultura Națională. // Megleno Romanian-Romanian dictionary.

III. Istro Romanian.

Byhan 1899 = Byhan, A. Istrorumänisches Glossar. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache 6. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 174-396. // A concise Istro Romanian-German dictionary.

Glavina 1905 = Glavina, A. Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie. București. // Contains concise Istro Romanian-Romanian vocabulary, which includes the words absent from Romanian or which phonetically differ from Romanian (as a rule, with rhotacisme n > r).

Kovačec 1998 = Kovačec, A. Istrorumunjsko-Hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima). Pula: Znanstvena udruga Mediteran. // Istro Romanian-Croatian dictionary.

Kovačec 2010 = Kovačec, A. Istrorumunjsko-Hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima). Available at: http://www.vlaski-zejanski.com/Resursi-i-biblioteke/rjecnik. // Electronic version of the Istro Romanian-Croatian dictionary [Kovačec 1998].

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Истрорумынский язык/диалект [Narumov B.P. Istro Romanian language/dialect]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 656-671. // A grammar sketch of the Istro Romanian language.

Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998 = Sârbu, R.; Frăţilă, V. Dialectul istroromân. Texte și glosar. Timișoara. // Istro Romanian texts written down primarily at Žejane, and the glossary based on it. Contains about 2500 entries.

Weigand 1894 = Weigand, G. Istrisches. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache 1. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 122-155. // Istro Romanian texts.

Weigand 1894 = Weigand, G. Nachträge zu vorstehendem Glossar. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache 6. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 397-398. // Some remarks on Byhan's glossary.

Texts recorded in the framework of the project Očuvanje vlaškog i žejanskog jezika / Očuvęj vlåška și žejånska limba. Available at: http://www.vlaski-zejanski.com. // A database of Istro Romanian texts with original audios and translations into English and Croatian.

IV. Aromanian

Bara et al. 2005 = Бара, М.; Каль, Т.; Соболев, А.Н. Южноаромынский говор села Турья (Пинд). Синтаксис, лексика, этнолингвистика, тексты. [Bara M., Kahl T., Sobolev A.N. A southern Aromanian dialect of Turia village (Pind). Syntax, vocabulary, ethnolinguistics, texts.] München. // Materials of the 2002 expedition to the village where one of the southern dialects is spoke.

Capidan 1932 = Capidan, Th. Aromânii. Dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic. București. // Grammar sketch of the Aromanian language.

Cunia 2010 = Cunia, T. Dictsiunar a limbãljelei armãneascã. Available at: https://archive.org/details/DictsiunarArmanescuDec2008. // Large Aromanian explanatory dictionary, based mainly on Papahagi's dictionary.

Dalametra 1906 = Dalametra, I. Dicţionar macedo-român. București. // Concise Aromanian-Romanian dictionary.

Goɫąb 1984 = Goɫąb, Z. The Aromanian dialect of Kruševo in SR Macedonia SFR Yugoslavia. Skopje. // Brief Aromanian-English glossary, collected by Z. Goɫąb in 1968 in Kruševo, where the Gramustean dialect is spoken.

Papahagi 1963 = Papahagi, T. Dicţionarul dialectului aromîn general și etimologic. București. // Comprehensive Aromanian-Romanian / French dictionary.

V. Romanian

Andronescu 1964 = Andronescu Ș. Dicționar romîn-englez. New York: Saphrograph. // Romanian-English dictionary.

Bolocan et al. 1985 = Bolocan, Gh.; Voronţova, T.; Șodolescu-Silvestru, E. Dicţionar rus-român. București: Editura Știinţifică și Enciclopedică. // Large Russian-Romanian dictionary.

Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990 = Борш, А.; Запорожан, И. Дикционар рус-молдовенеск [Borsh, A., Zaporozhan, I. Russian-Moldavian dictionary]. Кишинэу: Редакция принчипалэ а енчиклопедией советиче молдовенешть. // Large Russian-Moldavian dictionary (about 30 000 words).

Ciorănescu 2007 = Ciorănescu A. Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române. București: Editura Saeculum I. O. // Romanian etymological dictionary.

Ciorănescu 2015 = Ciorănescu A. Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române. Available at http://www.dex.ro. // Electronic version of the Romanian etymological dictionary [Ciorănescu 2007].

DEaLR 2012 = Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române. București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold. // Romanian explanatory dictionary.

DEaLR 2015 = Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române. Available at http://www.dex.ro. // Electronic version of the Romanian explanatory dictionary [DEaLR 2012].

DER 2004 = Dicționar englez-român. București: Univers Enciclopedic. // Comprehensive English-Romanian dictionary.

Gancz 2015 = Information provided by Mr. Andrei Gancz, who was so kind as to fill the questionnaire and comment on some sophisticated cases.

Lukht & Narumov 2001 = Лухт, Л. И.; Нарумов, Б. П. Румынский язык [Lukht, L. I, Narumov, B. P. Romanian language]. // Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 574-636. // A grammar sketch of the Romanian language.

Podiko 1973 = Подико, М. В. Русско-молдавский словарь [Podiko, M. V. Russian-Moldavian dictionary]. Кишинев: Картя Молдовеняскэ. // Large Russian-Moldavian dictionary (about 35 000 words).

VI. Dalmatian

Bartoli 2002 = Bartoli, M. G. Il Dalmatico: Resti di un'antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica. Roma: Instituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. // The main source of our knowledge about Dalmatian. Comprises not only Bartoli's own notes, but also notes made by other scholars of Dalmatian (G. Cubich, A. Zonca, P. Petris, A. Adelmann, M. Celebrini, A. Ive and T. Burada) and data from ancient Dalmatian manuscripts.

Repina & Narumov 2001 = Репина Т. А.; Нарумов, Б. П. Далматинский язык [Lukht, L. I, Narumov, B. P. Romanian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 681-694. // A grammar sketch of the Dalmatian language.

VII. Friulian

Decorte 2015 and Virili 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Andrea Decorte (Palmanova) and Mrs. Astrid Virili (Udine), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

Narumov & Sukhachev 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П.; Сухачёв, Н. Л. Фриульский язык [Narumov, B. P., Sukhachev, N. L. Friulian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 365-391. // A grammar sketch of the Friulian language.

Pirona 1871 = Pirona V. Vocabolario friulano. Venezia: Stabilimento Antonelli. // Large Friulian-Italian dictionary.

VIII. Ladin

DILF 2001 = Dizionario Italiano – Ladino Fassano. Vigo di Fassa. // Large Italian-Fassano and Fassano-Italian dictionary.

Forni 2013 = Forni, M. Dizionario Italiano-Ladino Gardenese. Dizioner Ladin de Gherdëina-Talian. San Martino in Badia: Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü. // Comprehensive Italian- Gardenese and Gardenese-Italian dictionary.

Forni 2015 = Forni, M. Dizionario Italiano-Ladino Gardenese. Dizioner Ladin de Gherdëina-Talian. Available at: http://forniita.ladinternet.it. // Electronic version of the Italian- Gardenese and Gardenese-Italian dictionary [Forni 2013].

Gartner 1923 = Gartner, Th. Ladinische Wörter aus den Dolomitentälern. – Halle: Verlag von Max Niemeyer. // Gardenese-German and German-Gardenese dictionary with some additional information on Marebbano, Badiotto, Livinallese and Nones dialects.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Ладинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Ladin language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 392-410. // A grammar sketch of the Ladin language.

Pleteršnik 2014 = Pleteršnik M. Slovensko-nemški slovar, Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. Available at: http://www.fran.si/136/maks-pletersnik-slovensko-nemski-slovar // Slovene-German dictionary.

IX. Romansh

Schmid 2015, Conrad 2015, Cadruvi 2015, Vital 2015 = The majority of data was provided by Mr. Lino Schmid (Rumantsch Grischun and Surmiran dialect), Mrs. Maria Cadruvi (Sursilvan dialect), Mr. Giancarlo Conrad and Mrs. Bettina Vital (Vallader dialect), and who kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Romansh.

Decurtins 2001 = Decurtins, A. Niev vocabulari romontsch: surslivan-tudestg. Chur: Legat Anton Cadonau. // Comprehensive German-Sursilvan and Sursilvan-German dictionary.

Decurtins 2015 = Decurtins, A. Niev vocabulari romontsch: surslivan-tudestg. Available at: \Xhttp://www.vocabularisursilvan.ch\x // Electronic version of the German-Sursilvan and Sursilvan-German dictionary [Decurtins 2001].

Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895 = Pallioppi, Z.; Pallioppi, E. Dizionari dels idioms romauntschs d'Engiadin' ota e bassa, della Val Müstair, da Bravuogen e Filisur. Samedan: Stamperia da Simon Tanner. // Large Romansh-German dictionary (Puter and Vallader dialects).

Sukhachev & Gorenko 2001 = Сухачёв, Н. Л.; Горенко, Г. М. Ретороманский язык [Sukhachev, N. L, Gorenko, B. P. Rhaeto-Romance language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 335-391. // A grammar sketch of the Romansh language.

There are also on-line dictionaries of Romansh (http://www.pledari.ch/ ; http://www.udg.ch/dicziunari/vallader/impressum ; http://www.udg.ch/dicziunari/puter/impressum), but we did not use them in our work.

X. Piemontese

Gisolo 2015, Fiandro 2015, 2016, Senero 2015, Davico 2016, Noris 2015 = Most of the information was provided by Mr. Paolo Gisolo (Lanzo Torinese dialect), Mr. Federico Fiandro (Barbania dialect), Mr. Giuseppe Senero (Carmagnola dialect), Mr. Loris Davico (Turinese dialect) and Mr. Maurizio Noris (Vercellese dialect), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and comment on some sophisticated cases.

Brero 1976 = Brero, C. Vocabolario Italiano-Piemontese. Torino: Editrice Piemonte in Bancarella. // Short Italian-Piemontese dictionary.

There are also on-line and self-made dictionaries of Piemontese (http://www.piemunteis.it/dep/dizionario.dep ; \Xhttp://www.piemonteis.com\x ; http://www.piemondo.it/dizionario-della-lingua-tedesca-e-piemontese.html), but we did not use them in our work.

XI. Lombard

Selva 2015, Garlini 2015 = Most of the information was provided by Mr. Bruno Garlini (Bergamo dialect) and Mr. Franco Selva (Plesio dialect), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and comment on some complicated cases.

XII. Emiliano-Romagnol

Ercolani 1960 = Ercolani L. Vocabolario romagnolo-italiano. Monte di Ravenna. // Dictionary of the Ravennate dialect (Romagnol).

Piacentini 2015, Sacchi 2015, Chertein 2015, Pucci 2015 = The majority of information was kindly provided by Mr. Diego Piacentini (Ferrarese dialect, Emiliano), Mrs. Gloria Sacchi (Carpigiano dialect, Emiliano), Mr. Gabriele Chertein (Reggiano dialect, Emiliano) and Mr. Alessandro Pucci (Marchigiano dialect, Romagnol), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary. Unfortunately Mr. Pucci's idiolect is highly influenced by literary Italian, so we don't have enough material to make a separate Marchigiano list and have to give only some Marchigiano forms in the comments to the Ravennate dialect.

XIII. Ligurian

Fasce 2015, Parodi 2015, Piccone 2015 = All the data were provided by Mr. Maurizio Fasce, a native speaker of the Rapallo subdialect, which is very close to the Genoese dialect, Mr. Piero Parodi, a native speaker of the Genoese dialect, and Mr. Antonello Piccone, a native speaker of the Stella dialect (Province of Savona), who kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Ligurian.

XIV. Venetian

Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015; Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015; Gaio 2015; Caneve 2015 = The data provided by Mr. Leonardo Tosi, Mr. Germano Gasparini (the dialect of Venice), Mr. Massimo Tre (the dialect of Padua), Mr. Mauro Melon (the dialect of Este), Mr. Tiziano Busato (the dialect of Treviso), Mrs. Katia Poletto (the dialect of Salgareda), Mr. Alessio Cortiana, Mr. Silvio Ricchieri (the dialect of Vicenza), Mr. Moreno Clementi (the dialect of Schio), Mr. Daniele Serena (the dialect of Arzignano), Mr. Paolo Pezzin (the dialect of Marostica), Mr. Cristian Zanetti (the dialect of Verona), Mr. Paolo Gaio (the dialect of Primiero), Mr. Marco Caneve (the dialect of Belluno), who kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Venetian.

XV. Italian

Battaglia = Battaglia S. Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino: Union Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1980-2002. // Comprehensive Italian explanatory dictionary in 21 volumes.

Chelysheva & Cherdantseva 2001 = Челышева И. И.; Черданцева, Т. З. Итальянский язык [Chelysheva, I. I, Cherdantseva, T. Z. Italian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 56-90. // A grammar sketch of the Italian language.

Cherdantseva 2005 = Черданцева, Т. З. Краткий грамматический справочник по итальянскому языку [Cherdantseva, T. Z. A brief manual of Italian grammar]. Москва: ЧеРо. // A grammar sketch of the Italian language.

Marcelli 2015; Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Massimiliano Marcelli (the Tuscan dialect of Grosseto) and Mr. Mr. Edmondo David Monti Barnocchi-Moscati (the Umbrian dialect of Foligno) who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and comment on some complicated cases.

Michel 2011 = Michel A. Einführung in die italienische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. // A study on Italian linguistics

Passerini Tosi 1989 = Passerini Tosi C. Dizionario italiano-inglese, english-italian. Torino: Paravia. // Comprehensive Italian-English and English-Italian dictionary.

Patota 2002 = Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano. Bologna: il Mulino. // A historical grammar of Italian

TsLJdO 2016 = Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini. Available at: tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO // The project of Italian historical dictionary.

Vitali 2015 = Comments on some sophisticated cases, provided by Dr. Daniele Vitali.

Zingarelli 1980 = Zingarelli N. Vocabolario della lingua italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli. // Italian explanatory dictionary.

Zorko et al. 2002 = Зорько Г. Ф., Майзель Б. Н., Скворцова Н. А. Большой итальянско-русский словарь [Zorko G. F., Mayzel B. N., Skvortsova N. A. Big Italian-Russian dictionary]. М.: Русский язык. // Comprehensive Italian-Russian dictionary.

XVI. Neapolitan

Esposito 2015; Russo 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Cirillo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Musella 2015; Fattoruso 2015; Morelli 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015 = Information, provided by Mr. Luca Esposito, Mr. Vincenzo Russo, Mr. Roberto Matarazzo, Mr. Enrico Cirillo, Mr. Riccardo Nagar, Mr. Davide Mancusi, Mr. Dario Musella (all - Naples), Mr. Antonio Fattoruso (Sant'Antonio Abate), Mr. Jenni Morelli (Grottaminarda), Mr. Mirko Cerrone (Salerno), Mr. Francesco Alois (Caserta), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and comment on some complicated cases.

XVII. Logudorese

Buttu 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Gianfranco Buttu, who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Сардинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Sardinian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 160-186. // A grammar sketch of the Sardinian language.

There is also an on-line dictionary of Logudorese (http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php), but we have not used it in our work.

XVIII. Campidanese

Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015, Fadda 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Simone Ballicu, Mr. Marco Pintus (Cagliari dialect) and Mrs. Alessia Fadda (the subdialect of Domus de Maria (Cagliari dialect)), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Сардинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Sardinian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 160-186. // A grammar sketch of the Sardinian language.

XIX. Sicilian

Messina 2015, Ornato 2015, La Bua 2015, Salzano 2015, Stornanti 2015, Sorbello 2015, Corsaro 2015, La Mattina 2015, Salerno 2015, Leggio 2015, Miccichè 2015, Coccimiglio 2016 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Salvatore Messina, Mr. Fulvio Ornato (the dialect of Palermo), Mr. Salvatore La Bua (the subdialect of Termini Imerese), Mr. Alessio Salzano (the dialect of Messina), Mr. Vincenzo Stornanti (the subdialect of Spadafora), Mr. Giuseppe Sorbello (the subdialect of Giarre), Mr. Alessandro Corsaro, Mr. Ferdinando La Mattina, Mr. Federico Salerno (the dialect of Catania), Mr. Carmelo Leggio (the subdialect of Ragusa), Mr. Agostino Miccichè (the subdialect of Agrigento) and Mr. Luigi Coccimiglio (the subdialect of Buscemi) who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

XX. Catalan

DCVB 2015 = Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Available at: http://dcvb.iec.cat // Electronic version of a Catalan explanatory dictionary.

EDCC 1993 = Essencial diccionari castellà-català, català-castellà. Barcelona: Biblograf, 1993. // Small Spanish-Catalan and Catalan-Spanish dictionary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Каталанский язык [Narumov, B. P. Catalan language]. // Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 2001. P. 492-517. // A grammar sketch of the Catalan language.

Alòs i Font 2015, Llorens 2015, Cardona 2015, Barreda 2015, Pérez i Sanchis 2015, Montagut 2015, Balletbò 2015 = The majority of data was provided by Mr. Hèctor Alòs i Font, Mr. Josep Llorens (Central dialect, Barcelona), Mr. Ciceró Pascual Cardona (Maon Minorcan subdialect), Mr. David Barreda (a subdialect of Castelló de la Plana), Mr. Guillermo Pérez Sanchis (a subdialect of Valencia), Mr. Toni Pedrós (a subdialect of Manises) Mr. Abel Montagut (a subdialect of Les Garrigues) and Mr. Eloi Balletbò (a subdialect of Oliana) who kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Catalan.

XXI. Spanish

Corominas 1997 = Corominas, J. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. Madrid: Gredos. // An etymological dictionary of the Spanish language.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Испанский язык [Narumov B.P. Spanish language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 411-462. // A grammar sketch of the Spanish language.

Valén 2015 = Information provided by Mr. Antonio Valén, a native speaker of Castilian Spanish (a subdialect of Soria), who filled the questionnaire and gave some further comments.

XXII. Asturian

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Астурийский язык [Narumov, B. P. Asturian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 535-550. // A grammar sketch of the Asturian language.

Riego-Delgado 2016, González Rato 2016 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Abraham Riego-Delgado (Candás, Central dialect) and Mr. Xesús González Rato (Langreo, Central dialect), who filled the questionnaire and gave some further comments. Unfortunately, neither of the informants answered all our additional questions, which could have been very useful in some difficult cases.

XXIII. Standard Portuguese

Costa & Melo 1975 = Almeida Costa, J., Sampaio e Melo, E. \XD\xDicionário da língua portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora. // Portuguese explanatory dictionary.

Cândido de Figueiredo = Cândido de Figueiredo, A. Dicionário da língua portuguesa. Amadoro: Bertrand, 1978 // Portuguese explanatory dictionary in two volumes.

Pimentel Ferreira 2016 = Information provided by Mr. João Pimentel Ferreira (a native speaker of Lisboa Portuguese), who was so kind to comment on some sophisticated cases.

Feyershtein & Starets 2005 = Феерштейн, Е. Н., Старец, С. М. Большой португальско-русский словарь [Feyershtein Y. N., Starets S. M. Big Portuguese-Russian dictionary]. М: Живой язык. // Comprehensive Portuguese -Russian dictionary.

Nascentes 1955 = Nascentes, A. Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguêsa. Rio de Janeiro. // Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language.

Nechayeva 2009 = Нечаева, К. К. Португальский язык. Справочник по грамматике [Nechayeva K. K. Portuguese language. Grammar reference book]. М: Живой язык. // A grammar sketch of the Portuguese language.

Voinova et al. 1989 = Воинова, Н. Я., Старец, С. М., Верхуша В. М., Здитовецкий А. Г. Русско-португальский словарь [Voinova N. Y., Starets S. M., Verkhusha V. M., Zditovetskiy A. G. Russian Portuguese dictionary]. М.: Русский язык. // Comprehensive Russian-Portuguese dictionary.

Volf 2001 = Вольф, Е. М. Португальский язык [Volf Y. M. Portuguese language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 462-491. // A sketch of the Portuguese language.

CdP 2016 = O Corpus do Português, compiled by M. Davies and M.J. Ferreira. Available at: http://www.corpusdoportugues.org/x.asp // A Portuguese Corpus.

XXIV. Galician

Carré Alvarellos 1972 = Carré Alvarellos L. Diccionario galego-castelán e vocavulario castelán-galego. La Coruna: Moret // Small Galician-Spanish and Spanish-Galician dictionary.

DRAG 2016 = Dicionario da Real Academia Galega. Available at: http://academia.gal/dicionario#inicio.do // Galician explanatory dictionary.

Fernández Armesto 1981 = Fernández Armesto F. Dicionario castelán-galego. Sada (A Coruña): Ediciós do Castro // Small Spanish-Galician dictionary.

Franco Grande 1968 = Franco Grande X. L. Diccionario Galego-Castelan e vocabulario Castelan-Galego. Vigo: Galaxia // Small Galician-Spanish and Spanish-Galician dictionary.

Montoya Bolaños 2015, 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Alejandro Montoya Bolaños (living in Lugo, native speaker of Central Galician dialect) who kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on sophisticated cases.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Галисийский язык [Narumov B. P. Galician language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 517-534. // A grammar sketch of the Galician language.

XXV. Occitan

Coupier 1995 = Coupier J. Dictionnaire Français – Provençal. Gignac-la-Nerthe: Association Dictionnaire Français – Provençal. // Comprehensive French-Provençal dictionary.

Lobodanov, Morozova, Chelysheva 2001 = Лободанов, А. П., Морозова, Е. В., Челышева, И. И. Окситанский язык [Lobodanov A. P., Morozova E. V., Chelysheva I. I. Occitan language]. // Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 2001. P. 278-303. // A grammar sketch of the Occitan language.

XXVI. Franco-Provençal

Viret 2013 = Viret, R. Dikchonéro Fransé-Savoyв. Dictionnaire Français-Savoyard. // Comprehensive French- Savoyard Franco-Provençal dictionary. Available at: http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire_Viret_Francais_Savoyard.pdf

Viret's dictionary contains rich material from many Savoyard subdialects. We have chosen the subdialect of the Albanais region as the main source of data, while giving the forms of other subdialects in comments in case different terms are used there.

XXVII. French

Chelysheva 2001 = Челышева, И. И. Старофранцузский язык [Chelysheva, I. I, Old French language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 250-278. // A grammar sketch of the Old French language.

Collins-Robert 1989 = Collins-Robert French-English, English-French dictionary. Paris: Le Robert. // Comprehensive French-English and English-French dictionary.

Einhorn 1999 = Einhorn, E. Old French. A concise handbook. Cambridge: University Press.

EDCT 2014 = Electronic Dictionary of Chrétien de Troyes, created by Pierre Kunstmann (University of Ottawa), Hiltrud Gerner (Université de Lorraine) and May Plouzeau (Université de Provence). Available at http://www.atilf.fr/dect/lexique/DECT_English_20141201.pdf // A comprehensive dictionary of Chrétien de Troyes' language, including data on frequency of attestation.

Godefroy = Godefroy, F. Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et tous ses dialects du IX^e et XV^e siècle. Genève, Paris: Slatkine, 1982. // An Old French dictionary in 10 volumes.

LGR = Le grand Robert de la langue française. Paris: Le Robert, 1986. // Comprehensive French explanatory dictionary in 9 volumes.

Lonsdale & Le Bras 2009 = Lonsdale, D., Le Bras, Y. A Frequency Dictionary of French. London, New York: Routledge. // Short French frequency dictionary, including 5 000 words and based on 23 millions words corpus.

Rayevskaya 2013 = Раевская, О. В. Новый французско-русский, русско-французский словарь [Rayevskaya O. V. New French-Russian, Russian-French dictionary]. М.: ABYY Press. // Medium dictionary (about 40 000 words and expressions).

Referovskaya et al. 2001 = Реферовская, Е. А.; Бокадорова Н. Ю.; Гулыга О. А.; Челышева И. И. Французский язык [Referovskaya Y. A.; Bokadorova N. Y.; Gulyga O. A.; Chelysheva, I. I, French language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 194-249. // A grammar sketch of the French language.

Robert-Collins 1989 = Robert-Collins dictionnaire français-anglais, anglais-français. Paris: Le Robert. // Comprehensive French-English and English-French dictionary.

XXVIII. Picard

Leplubo 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Jean-Claude Leplubo, a native speaker of Picard (a subdialect of Grandvilliers), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

XXIX. Walloon

Mahin 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Lucien Mahin, who kindly filled the questionnaire in his native Transinne Walloon (Southern dialect) and in standardized Rifondou Walloon, and was so kind to comment on some sophisticated cases.

NOTES

I. Latin.

The Archaic Classical Latin list is based on the plays of Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254–184 BC, born in Sarsina) plays. In difficlult cases the list is supported by data from "De agri cultura" by Marcus Porcius Cato (234–149 BC, born in Tusculum).

The Late Classical Latin list is based on works by Apuleius (c. 124 – c. 170 AD, born in Madaurus, Numidia): "Metamorphoses", "Apologia", "Florida", "De dogmate Platonis", "De mundo". (It should be noted that Apuleius' mother tongue was probably Phoenician or Greek, but he learned Latin at a very young age and mastered it to a very high level while living in Rome.) In some particularly complex cases we have also quoted material from Aulus Gellius' (c. 125 – after 180 AD, born in Rome) "Attic Nights", Petronius' (c. 27 – 66 AD, born in Massalia (Marseille)) "Satyricon", and Vulgata (translated by St. Jerome, c. 347 – 420 AD, born near Emona, Venetia et Histria).

Abbreviations: Amph. = Amphitruo; Asin. = Asinaria; Aul. = Aulularia; Bac. = Bacchides; Capt. = Captivi; Cas. = Casina; Cist. = Cistellaria; Curc. = Curculio; Epid = Epidicus; Men. = Menaechmi; Merc. = Mercator; Mil. = Miles gloriosus; Most. = Mostellaria; Poen. = Poenulus; Pseud. = Pseudolus; Rud. = Rudens; Trin. = Trinummus; Truc. = Truculentus; Vid. = Vidularia.

II. Megleno Romanian.

II.1. General.

The village named Oșani in Capidan's works bore the name Ossiani or Xifiani in Greek. On 6/6/1925 it was renamed to Archangelos The village Lugunţa bore the name Lunguntsa and was renamed to Lankadia / Langadia on 2/3/1926. The village Ţârnareca bore the name Tserna Reka and was renamed to Karpi on 1/11/1926.

All the verbs are given in the first-person singular present tense form, as in [Capidan 1935].

II.2. Transliteration.

Capidan's transcription is transliterated as follows:

[Capidan 1935]	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
dz	ʒ
ts	c
z	z
s	s
dž	ǯ
tš	č
j	ž
ș	š
gi̯	ȡ
chi̯	ȶ
g	g
c	k
h	x
m	m
n	n
ń	ɲ
r	r
l	l
ľ	ʎ
ɫ	ɫ
u̯	w
i̯	y
i	i
e	e
ę	ɛ
ă	ǝ
a	a
ạ	ɐ
ǫ	ɔ
u	u
ea	e̯a
oa	o̯a
V̄	Vː
V́, V̀	ˈV

III. Istro Romanian.

III.1. General.

The Istro Romanian language has two main dialects: one spoken in Žejane and the other spoken in all the rest of the villages located to the South of Žejane. Žejane is separated from the southern villages by Croatian-speaking territory. There are two mismatches between the Žejane dialect and the southern dialect ('far', 'leaf') plus three additional mismatches caused by loanwords in one of the dialects ('belly', 'dog' and 'rain').

The available sources cover both dialects, and the main source, Kovačec's dictionary, marks all the forms precisely with the name of the village where they were written down.

This list is based primarily on the Southern dialect, but Žejane forms are given as well.

The names of Istro Romanian villages are given in their Croatian form, the correspondences between the Croatian and Istro Romanian names are: Brdo = Bârdo, Jesenovik = Sucodru, Kostrčan = Costârčan, Nova Vas = Nosolo / Noselo, Šušnjevica = Susńeviţę / Șușńeviţę, Žejane = Žei̯ân.

III.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Byhan 1899	Glavina 1905	Kovačec 2010	Modified Croatian Orthography	GLD
b	b	b	b	b
p	p	p	p	p
v, w	v	v	v	v
f	f	f	f	f
d	d	d	d	d
t	t	t	t	t
ts	ţ	ţ	c	c
dz		d̦	dz	ʒ
z	z	z	z	z
s	s	s	s	s
tŝ	c before i and e; cĭ, ci	č	č	č
		ǧ	đ	ǯ
ẑ, ž	j	ž	ž	ž
ŝ, š	ș	ș	š	š
		ć, t″	ć	ȶ
g	g	g	g	g
k	c, ch before i and e	c, k before i and e	k	k
ɣ, g		ɣ	g	ɣ
h	h	h	h	x
m	m	m	m	m
n	n	n	n	n
ń	nĭ	ń	nj	ɲ
ñ	n	n, ŋ	n	ŋ
r	r	r	r	r
l	l	l	l	l
ľ	lĭ	ľ	lj	ʎ
i̯	ĭ	i̯	j	y
i	i	i	i	i
e	e	e	e	e
ę	ea	ę	ę	ä
o̥	î, ă	â	â	ǝ
a	a	a	a	a
ǫ	ạ	å	å	ɒ
o	o	o	o	o
u	u	u	u	u
V́	V̀	V́		ˈV

1. Sârbu and Frăţilă use the same transcription as Kovačec, the only exception is j instead of ž.

2. The sound g has shifted to ɣ in the Žejane dialect in almost all positions, with the exception of clusters ŋg and gʎ [Narumov 2001: 659], so they must be regarded as allophones of one phoneme. This is why there is no difference between g and ɣ in so-called Modified Croatian Orthography.

IV. Aromanian

IV.1. General.

All the verbs are given in the first-person singular present tense form.

IV.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Dalametra	Papahagi	Goɫąb	Bara et al.	Cunia	GLD
b	b	b	b	b	b
p	p	p	p	p	p
v	v	v	v	v	v
f	f	f	f	f	f
δ	δ	δ	δ	dh	ð
θ	θ	θ	θ	th	θ
d	d	d	d	d	d
t	t	t	t	t	t
ţ	ţ	c	ţ	ts	c
dz	dz	ʒ	d̨	dz	ʒ
z	z	z	z	z	z
s	s	s	s	s	s
c before e, i	č	č	č	c before e, i	č
g before e, i	ǧ	ǯ	ǧ	g before e, i	ǯ
j	j	ž	ž	j	ž
ș	ș	š	ș	sh	š
gh before e, i	ϟ	g'	g'	gh before e, i	ȡ
ch before e, i	k	k'	k'	ch before e, i	ȶ
h	h	h'	h'	h	
ɣ	ɣ	ɣ'	ɣ'	y	ʑ
g	g	g	g	g	g
c	c	k	k	c	k
ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	gh	ɣ
h	h	h	h	h	x
m	m	m	m	m	m
n	n	n	n	n	n
nĭ	n'	n'	n'	nj	ɲ
r	r	r	r	r	r
l	l	l	l	l	l
lĭ	ľ	ľ	ľ	lj	ʎ
ĭ	ĭ	i̯	ĭ	i	y
ŭ	ŭ	u̯	u	u	w
i	i	i	i	i	i
e	e	e	e	e	e
î	î	-	-	-	ɨ
ă	ă	ǝ	ā	ã	ǝ
a	a	a	a	a	a
o	o	o	o	o	o
u	u	u	u	u	u
ea	ea	ea	ea	ea	e̯a
oa	oa	oa	oa	oa	o̯a
-	-; ŭ after dz, j, ţ, s̨	^u	^u	-	ŭ
-	-; ĭ	ⁱ	ⁱ	-	ĭ
-	-	^ǝ	^ā	-	ǝ̆
V̀	V́	V́	ˈV	-	ˈV

V. Romanian

V.1. General.

According to [Lukht & Narumov 2001: 575], the Romanian and Moldavian literary languages are identical. We have tried to verify this statement by constructing a separate Swadesh list for Moldavian, based on two large Russian-Moldavian dictionaries [Podiko 1973; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990]. As may be seen from the listing in the notes section, they do indeed coincide on all 110 points, so there is no reason to separate these idioms from the lexicostatistical point of view.

V.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Modern Romanian orthography	Moldavian Cyrillic orthography	GLD
b	б	b
p	п	p
v	в	v
f	ф	f
d	д	d
t	т	t
ţ	ц	c
z	з	z
s	с	s
c before e, i	ч	č
g before e, i	ӂ	ǯ
j	ж	ž
ș	ш	š
g, gh before e, i	г	g
k, ch before e, i	к	k
h	х	h
m	м	m
n	н	n
l	л	l
r	р	r
i	й	y
u	у	w
i	и	i
e	е	e
î, â	ы	ɨ
ă	э	ǝ
a	а	a
o	о	o
u	у	u
ea	я	e̯a
oa	оа	o̯a

Note: In word-final position, consonants before i become palatalized, in which case i is not pronounced.

VI. Dalmatian

VI.1. General.

The majority of Dalmatian data are written down after Antonio Udina, the last native speaker of Dalmatian. In making this list, we tried to use mainly Udina's contexts, but if it was necessary, we also added information from other sources. Prior to being interviewed by researchers, Udina had not used Dalmatian for a few decades, so his Dalmatian is heavily influenced by Venetian. Taking this into account, we do not regard the Dalmatian words whose phonetics is partly influenced by Venetian as borrowings. Examples of such words include nwat 'night' or pyat 'breast' with -t instead of -pt in the place of Latin -ct-.

VI.2. Transliteration.

Bartoli's transcription is transliterated as follows:

Bartoli	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
ż	ʒ
z	c
ṡ	z
s	s
ǧ	ǯ
č	č
g	g
k	k
m	m
n	n
ń	ɲ
ṅ	ŋ
r	r
l	l
ľ	ʎ
u̯	w
j, i̯	y
i	i
e	e
a	a
o	o
u	u

Note: there is also an allophone of /u/, transcribed by Bartoli as {u͡ọ}.

VII. Friulian

VII.1. General.
The Friulian language is divided into three dialectal groups: Central-Oriental, Western and Carnian. Unfortunately, we managed to collect the wordlist only for the common Friulian koine, based on the Central-Oriental dialect.

VII.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Pirona	Modern Orthography	GLD
b	b	b
p	p	p
v	v	v
f	f	f
d	d	d
t	t	t
	z	ʒ
z	z	c
s between two vowels	s between two vowels	z
s, ss between two vowels	s, ss between two vowels	s
z	z	ǯ
ç, c before e and i	ç, c before e and i	č
gi	gj	ȡ
çh	cj	ȶ
g, gh before e and i	g, gh before e and i	g
c, ch before e and i	c, ch before e and i	k
m	m	m
n	n	n
gn	gn	ɲ
n	n	ŋ
r	r	r
l	l	l
u	u	w
j	j	y
i	i	i
é, e	e	e
è	e	ɛ
a	a	a
ó, o	o	o
ò	o	ɔ
u	u	u
V̂	V̂	Vː
V́, V̀	V̀	ˈV

Notes:
1. We use the transcriptional signs ȡ and ȶ for the Friulian sounds designated in modern orthography as gj and cj, but in fact these sounds are post-palatal/prevelar, not palatal [Narumov & Sukhachev 2001: 371].
2. The short high vowels i and u are normally realized as ɪ and ʊ respectively.

VIII. Ladin

VIII.1. General.

Ladin is a language with a high degree of dialectal diversity. Unfortunately, we were unable to collect full lists for all the dialects; complete lists are available only for Gardenese and Fassano dialects. However, the notes section on the Gardenese dialect contains partial data on the corresponding equivalents for the Marebbano, Badiotto, Livinallese, and Nones dialects.

For lexicostatistical discrepancies between the Gardenese and Fassano lists see: 'black', 'hear', 'leaf', 'lie', 'man', 'tree', 'woman', 'snake'.

VIII.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Gartner	DILF	Forni	GLD
b	b	b	b
p	p	p	p
v	v	v	v
f	f	f	f
d	d	d	d
t	t	t	t
ts	z	z	c
z	s between two vowels; ś in the very beginning of the word	s between two vowels	z
s	s, ss between two vowels	s, ss between two vowels	s
dy	g before e, i	g before e, ë, i	ǯ
tš	c before e, i or at the end of a word	c before e, ë, i or at the end of a word	č
ž	j	j	ž
š	sc before e, i or at the end of a word	sc before e, ë, i or at the end of a word	š
tχ	c before e, i	c before e, ë, i	ɕ
g	g	g	g
k	c	c	k
m	m	m	m
n	n	n, -nn	n
ny	gn		ɲ
ŋ	n	n	ŋ
r	r	r	r
l	l	l	l
ᵘ	u	u	w
ⁱ	i	i	y
i	i	i	i
e	e	e	e
ę	è, e	o	ɛ
a	a	a	a
a̤, ǝ	-	ë, e	ǝ
o	o	o	o
ǫ	ò, o	o	ɔ
u	u	u	u
ʋ	-	-	ü
-	Ṿ	-	ˈV

IX. Romansh

IX.1. General.

The Romansh language has five main dialects: Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader, and the literary language (Rumantsch Grischun). Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the lists for Sutsilvan and Puter.

For the discrepancies between the lists see: 'burn', 'eat', 'feather', 'hear', 'kill', 'mountain', 'not', 'person', 'that', 'tree', 'woman', 'yellow', 'near'.

IX.2. Transliteration.

Romansh orthography is transliterated as follows:

Romansh orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z	c
s between vowels	z
s; ss between vowels	s
g before e and i	ǯ
tsch	č
sch; s before a voiced consonant	ž
sch; s before a voiceless consonant	š
tg	ȶ
ch, tg (Grischun)	ɕ
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
ng	ŋ
r	r
l	l
gl	ʎ
u	w
j, i	y
i	i
e	e
e, è	ɛ
u	ʊ
a	a
o	o
o	ɔ
u	u
-, V̀	ˈV

X. Piemontese

X.1. General.

The Piemontese language has two main dialects: High Piemontese (divided into Turinese, Canavese, Biellese, Langarolo, Monferrino and other dialects) and Low Piemontese [Chelysheva 2001: 95]. Unfortunately, we were unable to collect lists for all these dialects. We only present the lists for the idioms of Lanzo Torinese, Barbania and Carmagnola (close subdialects of the Turinese dialect) and the Vercellese dialect, which is sometimes claimed as transitional between Piemontese and Lombard below.

For discrepancies between the lists see 'bark', 'big', 'breast', 'many', 'swim', 'tree', 'what', 'woman', 'heavy', 'wind'.

X.2. Transliteration.

Piemontese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Piemontese orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z, s between two vowels	z
s	s
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i	č
g; -gh	g
c; -ch	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n; n-	ŋ
r	r
l	l
u	w
j, i	y
i	i
u	ü
é	e
è	ɛ
eu	ö
ë	ǝ
a	a
ó	o
ò	ɔ
o	u
V́, V̀	ˈV

Note: Mr. Noris gave all the forms in the IPA transcription, so we do not discuss the forms in Piemontese orthography for the Vercellese dialect.

XI. Lombard

XI.1. General.

The Lombard language is divided into many dialects. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the full list for all the dialects, so we only present the lists for the Bergamo dialect and the dialect of Plesio below.

For discrepancies between the lists see 'bark', 'big', 'bite', 'dry', 'kull', 'stone', 'woman', 'heavy', 'snake', 'thin'.

XI.2. Transliteration.

The Lombard orthography is transliterated as follows:

Lombard orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z	c
z	z
s	s
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i or on the end of word	č
sc before e, i	š
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n before consonants	ŋ
r	r
l	l
CC	Cː
u before vowels	w
i	y
i	i
ü	ü
e, é	e
e, è	ɛ
a	a
o, ó	o
ò	ɔ
u	u
, 	ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

XII. Emiliano-Romagnol

XII.1. General.

Emiliano-Romagnol is divided into Emilian and Romagnol dialect groups, with many dialects and subdialects in every group.

For discrepancies between the lists see 'bark', 'big', 'bite', 'breast', 'cold', 'feather', 'head', 'kill', 'lie', 'many', 'not', 'person', 'rain', 'stone', 'swim', 'what', 'thin', 'worm'.

XII.2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Ercolani	Modern Orthography	GLD
b	b	b
p	p	p
v	v	v
f	f	f
d	d	d
t	t	t
ẓ	z	ʒ
z̟		c
ş	ś	z
s̟	s	s
g before e, i	g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i; cc on the end of the word	c before e, i; ć (Carpigiano); ç (Reggiano)	č
g	g	g
c	c	k
m	m	m
n	n	n
gn	gn	ɲ
n	n	ŋ
r	r	r
l	l	l
j	i	y
i	i	i
e	é	e
ē	ē	eː
ê	-	eǝ̯
é	-	ẽ
è	è	ɛ
ë	-	ɛǝ̯
a	a	a
â	-	ã
ó	ó	o
ô	ou	ow
ò	ò	ɔ
ö	-	ɔǝ̯
u	u	u
-	V̂	Vː

XIII. Ligurian

XIII.1. General.

The Ligurian language is divided into four dialects: Intemelio, Western, Genoese, and Cinque Terre. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the full list for all the dialects, so we only present the lists for the Genoese dialect, the Rapallo subdialect, and the dialect of Stella below.

For discrepancies between the lists see 'breast', 'feather', 'lie', 'many', 'mountain', 'person', 'rain', 'sand', 'warm', 'snake'.

XIII.2. Transliteration.

The Ligurian orthographies are transliterated as followsː

Ligurian orthographies	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z	ʒ
z	c
s	z
s, ç	s
g before e, i, æ	ǯ
c before e, i, æ	č
x	ž
sci	š
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
-n	ŋ
r	r
l	l
u, ou before vowels	w
ü before vowels	ɥ
j, i	y
CC	Cː
i	i
ü	ü
é	e
ê	eː
è	ɛ
eu; ö	ö
æ	ä
a	a
o	o
ô	oː
ò	ɔ
ö	ɔː
u; ǒ	u
V̂	Vː

Note: Mr. Fasce gave all the forms in the IPA transcription, so we do not discuss the forms in Ligurian orthography for the Rapallo dialect.

XIV. Venetian

XIV.1. General.

The Venetian language is divided into Central Venetian (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine), North-Eastern Venetian (Treviso, Feltre, Belluno), Western Venetian (Verona), Trentinian, Venetian Proper (Venice) and different "colonial" dialects [Chelysheva 2001: 116]. Although we have lists for different dialects, most of them don't demonstrate significant differences in the 110-item list. The dialects, which really stand out, are the Bellunese one and the Primiero one (the subdialect of Bellunese). So we present three Venetian lists below: common Venetian, Bellunese and Primiero.

XIV.2. Transliteration.

The Venetian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Venetian orthographies	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
đ (Primiero dialect)	ð
ẑ (Primiero dialect)	θ
z	c
x; z	z
s; ç	s
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i	č
g; gh before e, i	g
c; ch before e, i	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n on the end of a syllable or a word	ŋ
r	r
l	l
u	w
i	y
ɫ	ɰ; e̯
i	i
e; é	e
è	ɛ
a	a
o; ó	o
ò	ɔ
u	u
, V́	ˈV

Note 1: the letters {x} and {z} are used for the sound z in different variants of the Venetian orthography. Some informants prefer the first (more traditional) variant, some prefer the second (more similar to the Italian orthography).

Note 2: the pronunciation of {ɫ} can vary depending on dialect.

XV. Italian

XV.1. General.

We present the lists for Dante's Italian, Standard Italian, the Tuscan dialect of Grosseto and the Umbrian dialect of Foligno.

Dante's Italian wordlist is based on Dante Alighieri's works. Dante (1265-1321, born in Florence) is considered the father of the literary Italian language. The main source for the wordlist was the Divine Comedy (1306-1321), but in some difficult cases we have also consulted Dante's minor works written in Italian (Vita nuova, Convivio, Il Fiore, Rime, Detto d'Amore). For the examples, we have chosen to use Longfellow's translation of Divine Comedy which is closest to the original, being a nearly literal translation. In the most ambiguous cases we resort to the aid of Petrarch's (1304-1374, born in Arezzo) poems and Boccaccio's (1313-1375, born in Florence) prose.

All of Dante's works are available online in Italian and English at Princeton Dante Project: http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp
Longfellow's translation of the Divine Comedy may be found at Project Gutenberg: http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1004/pg1004.html

Abbreviations: Inf. = Inferno; Purg. = Purgatorio; Par. = Paradiso; VN = Vita nuova; Conv. = Convivio; Dec. = Decameron.

XV.2. Transliteration.

The Italian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Italian orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z	ʒ
z	c
s	z
s	s
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i	č
sc before e, i	š
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n before g,c	ŋ
r	r
l	l
gl	ʎ
CC	Cː
u	w
i	y
i	i
e	e
e	ɛ
a	a
o	o
o	ɔ
u	u

XVI. Neapolitan

XVI.1. General.

Unlike the lects of Northern Italy, Neapolitan dialects do not feature as many discrepancies between them in the Swadesh list. For this reason, we prepared only one list for Neapolitan.

XVI.2. Transliteration.

The Neapolitan orthography is transliterated as follows:

Neapolitan orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v between two vowels	β
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
d between two vowels	ɾ
z	c
s	s
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i	š
cc before e, i	čː
g	g
c	k
g between two vowels	ɣ
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n before g, c	ŋ
r	r
l	l
gl	ʎ
CC	Cː
u	w
j	y
i	i
e	e, ɛ
unstressed e, o; unstressed a on the end of a word	ǝ
a	a
o	o, ɔ
u	u
, 	ˈV

Although the Neapolitan orthography does not make any distinctions between open and closed vowels, the relevant information was provided to us by the informants.

XVII. Logudorese

XVII.1. General.

There is no consensus as to the dialectal division of Logudorese [Narumov 2001: 161]. According to the Glottolog scheme, Logudorese Sardinian is divided into Barbaricino, Northwestern Logudorese and Southwestern Logudorese. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the full lists for all the dialects, so only the list for the Barbaricino dialect is provided.

XVII.2. Transliteration.

The Logudorese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Logudorese orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
th	θ
dz	ʒ
z	c
s	s
dd	ɖː
j	ž
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
r	r
l	l
i	y
CC	Cː
i	i
e	e
a	a
o	o
u	u
V̀	ˈV

XVIII. Campidanese

XVIII.1. General.

Campidanese Sardinian is divided into Western Campidanese, Sub-Barbaricino, Ogliastrino, Central Campidanese, Sarrabense, Sulcitano, and Cagliari dialects (South Campidanese) [Narumov 2001: 161]. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect full lists for all the dialects. The list for the Cagliari dialect serves as our primary object of comparison; additionally, the notes section also include data on the Domus de Maria subdialect.

XVIII.2. Transliteration.

The Campidanese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Campidanese orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
b	β
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
d	ð
z	c
s	s
g before e, i	ž, ǯ
c before e, i	č
x	ž
sc	š
g	g
c	k
g	ɣ
m	m
m	n
r	r
l	l
CC	Cː
u	w
i	y
i	i
e	e, ɛ
a	a
o	o, ɔ
u	u
-	ˈV

Although the Campidanese orthography does not make any distinctions between open and closed vowels, they do exist; the information was provided by Mr. Pintus and Mrs. Fadda.

XIX. Sicilian

XIX.1. General.

Below we present the lists for Palermitan, Messinese, Catanian and South-Eastern (comprises the lists for the dialects of Ragusa and Agrigento) dialects, which slightly differ from each over, see 'big', 'burn', 'feather', 'lie', 'man', 'rain', 'small', 'tree', 'warm', 'snake'.

Although Buscemi is geographically closer to Ragusa and Agrigente, the Buscemese list was added to the Palermitan comments due to its close resemblance (only three items differ: 'man', 'rain' and 'tree').

XIX.2. Transliteration.

The Sicilian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Sicilian orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z	c
s	s
dd	ɖː
dr	ɖr
tr	ʈɽ
rr	ʐ; rː (depending on dialect)
str	ʂɽ
g before e, i	ǯ
c before e, i	č
sc before e, i	š
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n before c, g	ŋ
r	ɾ
l	l
CC	Cː
u before a vowel	w
i before a vowel	y
i	i
i (unstressed and non-initial)	ɨ (Messinese dialect)
e	ɛ
a	a
o	ɔ
u	u
	ˈV

XX. Catalan

XX.1. General.

The Catalan language is divided into two major groups of dialects: eastern (Northern, Central, Balearic and Algherese dialects) and western (North-Western and Valencian dialects). The Maon Minorcan subdialect belongs to the Balearic dialect, the subdialects of Castelló de la Plana, Valencia and Manises belong to the Valencian dialect. The subdialects of Les Garrigues and Oliana belong to the North-Western dialect.

XX.2. Transliteration.

Catalan orthography is transliterated as follows:

Catalan orthography (Central Catalan pronunciation)	GLD
v, b in the beginning of a word or after m	b
v, b	β
p	p
f	f
d in the beginning of a word or after n, m, l	d
d	ð
t	t
s between two vowels or before a voiced consonant	z
s; ss between two vowels; ç; c before e, i	s
tg	ǯ
tx	č
j	ž
x	š
g in the beginning of a word or after ŋ, m	g
g	ɣ
c	k
m	m
n	n
ny	ɲ
n	ŋ
r	ɾ
rr, r at the beginning of a word	r
l	ɫ
ll	ʎ
u	w
i	y
i	i
e	e
e	ɛ
unstressed e and a	ǝ
a	a
o	o
o	ɔ
u, unstressed o	u
-	ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

The transcription for Central Catalan, Minorcan and Les Garrigues dialects was made by Mr. Alòs i Font, Mr. Cardona and Mr. Montagut respectively.

XXI. Spanish

Spanish orthography is transliterated as follows:

Spanish orthography	GLD
b, v in the beginning of a word or after n, m	b
p	p
b	β
f	f
d in the beginning of a word or after n, l	d
t	t
d	ð
c before e, i; z	θ
s before a voiced consonant	z
s	s
ch	č
g in the beginning of a word or after n, but not before e, i; gu before e, i	g
qu before e, i; c	k
g	ɣ
j; g before e, i	x
m	m
n	n
ñ	ɲ
n before c, g	ŋ
rr or r in the beginning of a word	r
r	ɾ
l	l
ll	ʎ
y	ʑ
u, ü	w
i	y
i	i
e	e
a	a
o	o
u	u
V́	ˈV

XXII. Asturian

The Asturian language uses Spanish orthography. The main difference is that the letter x is used for the sound š. Apart from that, there are no sounds β, ð and ɣ.

XXIII. Standard Portuguese

XXIII.1. General.

The pronunciation and semantics are restricted to Portugal Portuguese language (especially in its Lisboa variant).

XXIII.2. Transliteration.

Portuguese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Portuguese orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
b between two vowels	β
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
d between two vowels	ð
z, s between two vowels	z
s; ss; ç	s
j; g before e, i; s before a voiced consonant	ž
ch; z, s in the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant	š
g; gu before e, i	g
c; qu before e, i	k
g between two vowels	ɣ
m	m
n	n
nh	ɲ
n before g, c	ŋ
rr; word initially; after l, n	ʁ
r	ɾ
l	l
word finally; before a consonant	ɫ
lh	ʎ
u	w
i	y
i; unstressed e word initially	i
in, im	ĩ
e, é	e
e, ê	ɛ
en, em	ẽ
unstressed e in the word-final position or before a consonant	ǝ
stressed a	a
unstressed a; stressed a before m, n, nh; e before ɲ, ʎ, ž, š, y	ɐ
an, am	ɐ̃
ãe, em, ens word finally	ɐ̃ỹ
ão, am word finally	ɐ̃w̃
o, ó	o
o, ô	ɔ
on, om	õ
u; unstressed o	u
um	ũ
ui	ũỹ
-	ˈV

XXIV. Galician

The Galician orthography is transliterated as follows:

Galician orthography	GLD
b, v	b
p	p
b, v between two vowels	β
f	f
d	d
t	t
d between two vowels	ð
z; c before e, i	θ
s	s
ch	č
x	š
g	g
c	k
g between two vowels	ɣ
m	m
n	n
ñ	ɲ
nh; n word finally	ŋ
rr, r word initially	r
r	ɾ
l	l
ll	ʎ
eu	ew
ou	ow
ei	ey
oi	oy
i	i
e	e
e	ɛ
a	a
o	o
o	ɔ
u	u
-	ˈV

XXV. Occitan

XXV.1. General.

The Provençal dialect belongs to the southern Occitan dialects, besides the Languedocian dialect [Lobodanov, Morozova, Chelysheva 2001: 280].

XXV.2. Transliteration.

Coupier's transcription is transliterated as follows:

Coupier	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
s between two vowels	z
s; ss; ç; c before e, i	s
j	ǯ
ch	č
g	g
c	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
before g, c; word finally	ŋ
rr; word initaially; after n, l, s, z	ʁ
r	ɾ
l	l
u	w
i	y
i	i
u	ü
e	e
è	ɛ
a	a
o	o
ò	ɔ
ou	u
V̀, V́	ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

XXVI. Franco-Provençal

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Viret's transcription	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
zh	ð
sh	θ
z	z
s; s between two vowels	s
dj	ǯ
j	ž
ch	š
g	g
k	k
m	m
n	n
ny	ɲ
r	r
l	l
ly	ʎ
w	w
i	y
i	i
u	ü
é	e
eu	ö
ê, è	ɛ
eu	œ
a	a
ô	o
o	ɔ
ou	u
ihn	ĩ
in	ɛ̃
an	ã
on	ɔ̃
circumflex sign	Vː
-	ˈV

XXVII. French

XXVII.1. General.

Here we present the lists for Chrétien de Troyes' Old French and Modern Standard French.

Chrétien de Troyes (1130-1191) is the author of five poems: Erec and Enide; Cligès; Yvain, the Knight of the Lion; Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart; Perceval, the Story of the Grail. Full texts are available at http://www.atilf.fr/dect. English translation of the first four poems can be found at http://omacl.org.

XXVII.2. Transliteration.

Old French words are transcribed according to XII century French phonetics sketch made by E. Einhorn [Einhorn 1999: 2-13].

The Old French orthography is transliterated as follows:

Old French orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z; c before e, i	c
s between two vowels	z
s; ss between two vowels	s
j; g before e, i	ǯ
ch	č
g, gu before e, i	g
c; qu before e, i	k
m	m
n	n
gn; ng word finally	ɲ
n before c, g	ŋ
r	r
l	l
il, ill	ʎ
u after vowel	w
u before vowel	ɥ
i	y
i	i
u	ü
e	e, eː
e	ɛ
e	ǝ
a	a
o	o, oː
o	ɔ
ai	ey
oi	oy
en	ãn
-	ˈV

Note: vowels before m and n become nasalized.

Standard French orthography is transliterated as follows:

French orthography	GLD
b	b
p	p
v	v
f	f
d	d
t	t
z, s between two vowels	z
s; ss; ç	s
j; g before e, i	ž
ch	š
g; gu before e, i	g
c; qu before e, i	k
m	m
n	n
gn	ɲ
n before g, c	ŋ
r	ʁ
l	l
u before a voweil	ɥ
i, ill	y
i	i
u, û	ü
e, é	e
e, ê, ai	ɛ
in, im, ein not before a vowel	ɛ̃
eu, œu	œ, ö
un	œ̃
unstressed e in some positions	ǝ
a, à	a, ɑ
en, em, an, am	ɑ̃
o, ó, au, eau	o
o, ô	ɔ
on, om	ɔ̃
ou	u
oi	wa

XXVIII. Picard

The Picard words are written in the Feller-Carton orthography, which is based on that of Standard French. The main discrepancies are: pronunciation of en as ɛ̃; use of the letter k before e and i for the sound k; use of the trigraph tch for č; use of oé for the diphthong we.

XXIX. Walloon

The Walloon orthographies are transliterated as follows:

Transinne (Feller orthography)	Rifondou	GLD
b	b	b
p	p	p
v	v	v
f	f	f
d	d	d
t	t	t
z	z	z
s; з; ss between two vowels; c before e, i	s; з; ss between two vowels; c before e, i	s
sc	sch	sk
dj, g before e, i	dj, g before e, i	ǯ
tch	tch	č
j	jh	ž
ch	xh	š
-	xh word finally	ʆ
g	g	g
c, k	c, k	k
m	m	m
n	n	n
gn	gn	ɲ
r	r	ʀ
l	l	l
w	w	w
y	y	y
h	h	h
i	i	i
u	u	ü
é, e	é, e	e
ê	ea	ɛː
eu	eu	ö
è, e	è, e	ɛ
eu	eu	œ
a	a	a
-	е	ɔː
ô, aw	ô	o
o	o	ɔ
ou	ou	u
-	oe	wɛ
aw	е	aw
an, am	an, am	ã
in	in	ɛ̃
-	én	ẽ
on	on	ɔ̃
circumflex sign	circumflex sign	Vː

Note 1: Consonants in word-final position become voiceless.

Note 2: Vowels ü and i (in Rifondou only i) are lost in the first syllable if a preceding word ends in a vowel, cf. {in ptit gamin} "a small boy" and {ene pitite gamine} "a small girl".

SOME PREVIOUS ARTICLES ON ROMANCE LEXICOSTATISTICS:

Rea J.A. Concerning the Validity of Lexicostatistics In: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1958, pp. 145-150. // A critical review of the lexicostatistical method on the basis of eight Romance languages (French, Spanish, Romanian, Catalan, Italian, Sardinian, Portuguese, Rheto-Romance), wordlists for all of whom are included into the article.

Kroeber A. L. Romance history and glottochronology. In: Language, Vol. 34, No 4, 1958, pp. 454-457. // A response to Rea’s article.

Guţu-Romalo V. Stabilirea datei de separaţie a aromînei de dacoromînă cu ajutorul glotocronologiei. In: Studii și cercetări lingvistice, 10/4, 1959, pp. 576-584. // First ever publication on Balkan-Romance lexicostatistics.

Novotná P., Blažek V. Rétorománské jazyky – přehled a klasifikace. In: Linguistica Brunensia, LVII, 2008, s. 15-32. // An attempt at a lexicostatistical classification of the Rheto-Romance languages, using Sergei Starostin’s recalibrated glottochronology, but not such a strict approach to semantics as employed in the GLD; wordlists for Standard Italian, Rumantsch Grischun, Friulian, and Dolomito Ladin are included in the article.

Blažek V. Balkano-románské jazyky: lexikostatistický test. In: Linguistica Brunensia, LX, 1–2, 2012, s. 61–83. // A lexicostatistical classification of Balkan-Romance languages based on the same principles as in Blažek's previous article; wordlists for Romanian, Moldavian, Arumanian, Megleno Romanian, and Istro Romanian are included in the article.

Database compiled and annotated by:
Megleno Romanian: Mikhail Saenko, February 2015. Revised March 2015 (minor corrections).
Istro Romanian, Aromanian: Mikhail Saenko, March 2015.
Romanian: Mikhail Saenko, March 2015. Revised April 2016 (some comments on the etymology are added).
Dalmatian: Mikhail Saenko, April 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections).
Ladinː Mikhail Saenko, April 2015.
Friulianː Mikhail Saenko, April 2015. Revised March 2016 (minor corrections).
Romansh, Emiliano-Romagnol: Mikhail Saenko, May 2015.
Piemontese: Mikhail Saenko, May 2015. Revised May 2016 (Turinese list added).
Ligurian, Italian, Logudorese, Campidanese, Lombard, Neapolitan: Mikhail Saenko, June 2015.
Venetian: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections).
Spanish, Occitan: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015.
Catalan: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections).
Sicilian: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised March 2016 (minor transliterational corrections). Revised July 2016 (the Buscemese data were added).
French: Mikhail Saenko, February 2016.
Portugueseː Mikhail Saenko, February 2016. Revised March 2016 (some refinements).
Galician, Picard: Mikhail Saenko, March 2016.
Foligno Italian, Old Italian: Mikhail Saenko, April 2016.
Old French, Walloon, Franco-Provençal: Mikhail Saenko, May 2016.
Latin, Asturian: Mikhail Saenko, June 2016.

The database was fully revised and updated in detail in June 2016 by Mikhail Saenko.