Annotated Swadesh wordlists for theKhinalug group (North Caucasian family).

Languages included: Khinalug [kjj].

DATA SOURCES

General

Comrie & Khalilov 2010 = Б. Комри, М. Халилов. Словарь языков и диалектов народов Северного Кавказа. Сопоставление основной лексики. Лейпциг/Махачкала, 2010 [B. Comrie, M. Khalilov. Dictionary of languages and dialects of the peoples of the Northern Caucasus. Comparison of the basic lexicon. Leipzig/Makhachkala, 2010] // A thematic glossary of East Caucasian and some neighbouring languages. See http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ for on-line access and detail. The source is actually somewhat unreliable, with a considerable number of erroneous forms.

Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988 = А. Е. Кибрик, С. В. Кодзасов. Сопоставительное изучение дагестанских языков: Глагол. Москва, 1988. // A thematic glossary of verbs in East Caucasian languages. Supplemented by short sketches of the verb systems in individual languages.

Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990 = А. Е. Кибрик, С. В. Кодзасов. Сопоставительное изучение дагестанских языков: Имя, фонетика. Москва, 1990. // A thematic glossary of nouns in East Caucasian languages. Supplemented by short sketches of the phonetic and nominal systems in individual languages.

NCED = S. L. Nikolayev, S. A. Starostin. A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk Publishers, 1994. Reprint in 3 vols.: Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2007. // Monumental etymological dictionary of the North Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian, a.k.a. Northeast Caucasian + Abkhaz-Adyghe, a.k.a. Northwest Caucasian) language family. In addition to approximately 2000 roots, reliably or tentatively reconstructed for Proto-North Caucasian, also provides intermediate reconstructions for the protolanguages of the daughter branches: Nakh, Avar-Andian, Tsezian, Dargwa, Lezghian, Abkhaz-Adyghe. Tables of correspondences and detailed notes are given in the introduction, available online at http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/caucpref.pdf. All etymologies also available online on the StarLing database server, at http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?flags=eygtnnl.

Khinalug

Desheriev 1959 = Ю. Д. Дешериев. Грамматика хиналугского языка. Москва, 1959. // A descriptive grammar of the Khinalug language.

Ganieva 2002 = Ф. А. Ганиева. Хиналугско-русский словарь. Махачкала, 2002. // A Khinalug-Russian dictionary of ca. 8000 entries, supplemented with a grammar sketch.

KhinEDb = S. A. Starostin. Khinalug Etymological Database. // Computerized version of the Proto-Khinalug corpus, available at http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?flags=eygtnnl. Includes some Proto-Khinalug etymologies (mostly basic lexicon items) that have not been included in [NCED] due to their lack of external cognates in other branches of North Caucasian.

Kibrik 1994 = A. E. Kibrik. Khinalug. In: R. Smeets. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4. Caravan Books, 1994. P. 367-406. // A grammar sketch of the Khinalug language.

Kibrik et al. 1972 = А. Е. Кибрик, С. В. Кодзасов, И. П. Оловянникова. Фрагменты грамматики хиналугского языка. Москва, 1972. // A descriptive grammar of the Khinalug language supplemented with texts and glossary.

Additional

Kerimov 1985 = К. Р. Керимов. Глагол хиналугского языка. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук. Махачкала, 1985. // A study of the Khinalug verbal system.

NOTES

1. General.

The primary lexicographic sources on the Khinalug (Khinalugh, Xinalug) language is the dictionary [Ganieva 2002], plus the glossaries in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990; Kibrik et al. 1972]. Some forms and grammatical information have been taken from [Desheriev 1959; Kibrik 1994; Kerimov 1985]. Khinalug lexical data are systematically quoted in [Comrie & Khalilov 2010], but we prefer not to use this source due to its general unreliability.

Etymological portions of the notes with special references to the Lezgian data are based on S. Starostin's data in [NCED] and [KhinEDb] with certain additions and corrections when necessary.

2. Transliteration.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Ganieva 2002]	[Kibrik et al. 1972]	[Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990]	[NCED]	GLD
б	b (b̜ before front vowels), b̹ (b before front vowels)	b	b	b
пп	p (p̜ before front vowels), p̹ (p before front vowels)	p̃	p:	p
пп	p̄	p̃p̃	p:	pː
п	pʰ (p̜ʰ before front vowels), p̹ʰ (pʰ before front vowels)	p	p	pʰ
пI	pʼ (p̜ʼ before front vowels), p̹ʼ (pʼ before front vowels)	pʼ	ṗ	pʼ
в	v (v̜ before front vowels), v̹ (v before front vowels)	v	w	v
вв	v̄ (v̜̄ before front vowels), v̹̄ (v̄ before front vowels)			vː
ф	f (f̜ before front vowels), f̹ (f before front vowels)	f	f	f
д	d (d̜ before front vowels), d̹ (d before front vowels)	d	d	d
тт	t (t̜ before front vowels), t̹ (t before front vowels)	t̃	t:	t
тт	t̄ (t̜̄ before front vowels), t̹̄ (t̄ before front vowels)	t̃t̃	t:	tː
т	tʰ (t̜ʰ before front vowels), t̹ʰ (tʰ before front vowels)	t	t	tʰ
тI	tʼ (t̜ʼ before front vowels), t̹ʼ (tʼ before front vowels)	tʼ	ṭ	tʼ
цц	ts	c̃	c:	c
цц	ts̄	c̃c̃	c:	cː
ц	tsʰ	c	c	cʰ
цI	tsʼ	cʼ	c̣	cʼ
з	z (z̜ before front vowels), z̹ (z before front vowels)	z	z	z
с	s (s̜ before front vowels), s̹ (s before front vowels)	s	s	s
дж	dʒ	ǯ	ǯ	ǯ
чч	tʃ	č̃	č:	č
чч	t̄ʃ	č̃č̃	č:	čː
ч	tʃʰ	č	č	čʰ
чI	tʃʼ	čʼ	č̣	čʼ
ж	ʒ	ž	ž	ž
ш	ʃ	š	š	š
г (гы before front vowels)	g (g̜ before front vowels)	g (gy̱ before front vowels)	g	g (g̴ before front vowels)
кк (ккы before front vowels)	k (k̜ before front vowels)	k̃ (k̃y̱ before front vowels)	k:	k (k̴ before front vowels)
кк (ккы before front vowels)	k̄ (k̜̄ before front vowels)	k̃k̃ (k̃k̃y̱ before front vowels)	k:	kː (k̴ː before front vowels)
к (кы before front vowels)	kʰ (k̜ʰ before front vowels)	k (ky̱ before front vowels)	k	kʰ (k̴ʰ before front vowels)
кI (кIы before front vowels)	kʼ (k̜ʼ before front vowels)	kʼ (kʼy̱ before front vowels)	ḳ	kʼ (k̴ʼ before front vowels)
г	g̹ (g before front vowels)	g (gy before back vowels)	g	g (gʸ before back vowels)
кк	k̹ (k before front vowels)	k̃ (k̃y before back vowels)	k:	k (kʸ before back vowels)
кк	k̹̄ (k̄ before front vowels)	k̃k̃ (k̃k̃y before back vowels)	k:	kː (kːʸ before back vowels)
к	k̹ʰ (kʰ before front vowels)	k (ky before back vowels)	k	kʰ (kʰʸ before back vowels)
кI	k̹ʼ (kʼ before front vowels)	kʼ (kʼy before back vowels)	ḳ	kʼ (kʼʸ before back vowels)
кхь	kx	kx	kx	kˣ
гг	ɣ	ǧ	ɣ	ɣ
хь	x (x̜ before front vowels)	x (xy̱ before front vowels)	x	x (x̴ before front vowels)
хь	x̹ (x before front vowels)	x (xy before back vowels)	x	x (xʸ before back vowels)
		G		ɢ
къ	q	q̃	q:	q
къ, къкъ	q̄	q̃q̃	q:	qː
хъ	qχ	q	q	qʰ
кь	qʼ	qʼ	q̇	qʼ
гъ	ʁ	R	ʁ	ʁ
х	χ	X	χ	χ
гI	ʕ	ʕ	ʕ	ʕ
хI	ħ	H	ħ	ħ
ъ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ
гь	h	h	h	h
м	m (m̜ before front vowels), m̹ (m before front vowels)	m	m	m
мм	m̄	mm		mː
н	n (n̜ before front vowels), n̹ (n before front vowels)	n	n	n
р	r (r̜ before front vowels), r̹ (r before front vowels)	r	r	r
л	l (l̜ before front vowels)	l (ly̱ before front vowels)	l	l (ɫ before front vowels)
лл	l̄ (l̜̄ before front vowels)	ll (lly̱ before front vowels)		lː (ɫː before front vowels)
л	l̹ (l before front vowels)	l (ly before back vowels)	l	l (lʸ before back vowels)
лл	l̹̄ (l̄ before front vowels)	ll (lly before back vowels)		lː (lːʸ before back vowels)
у, Cв	u̯	w	ʷ, w	w
й	j	j	j	y
и	i	i	i	i
уь	y	ü	ü	ü
е, э	e	e	e	e
оь	ø	ö	ö	ö
а	а	a	a	a
аь	æ	ä	ä	ä
о	о	o	o	o
у	u	u	u	u
ы	ɯ	ɨ	ɨ	ɨ
		Vː		Vː
V́	V́	V́	V	ˈV

1. The phonological opposition between the lax and tense series of stops and affricates (as p / pː, č / čː, etc.) is secondary, and still remains marginal. Normal historical distribution is as follows: the tense series (pː, čː, etc.) occurs between vowels, the lax series (p, č, etc.) occurs elsewhere. In the modern language, however, the lax series (p, č, etc.) can occur intervocalically at morpheme boundaries or even within a root [Kibrik et al. 1972: 18 ff.]; this makes the lax / tense opposition phonemic.

2. The phonological opposition between the non-palatalized and palatalized consonant series (such as s / sʸ, k / kʸ, etc.) is secondary, and still remains marginal. Normal historical distribution is as follows: the palatalized series (sʸ, kʸ, etc.) occurs before front vowels, the non-palatalized series (s, k, etc.) occurs elsewhere (e.g., before back vowels). In the modern language, however, due to some processes, e.g., at morpheme boundaries, the non-palatalized series (s, k, etc.) can occur before front vowels, and, vice versa, the palatalized series (sʸ, kʸ, etc.) may be encountered before back vowels. This makes the non-palatalized / palatalized opposition phonemic. In [Kibrik et al. 1972: 19], such an opposition is described for the labial (pʸ pʰʸ pʼʸ vʸ vːʸ fʸ mʸ), dento-alveolar (dʸ tʸ tːʸ tʰʸ tʼʸ zʸ sʸ nʸ rʸ lʸ lːʸ), and velar (gʸ kʸ kːʸ kʰʸ kʼʸ xʸ) rows. Similarly in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988], these items can be marked as velar before front vowels (e.g., the auxiliary verb -vˠi [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 52]). However, in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990: 346] it is reported that only the velars (gʸ kʸ kːʸ kʰʸ kʼʸ xʸ) and laterals (lʸ lːʸ) demonstrate this phonological opposition in all the Khinalug idiolects, whereas palatalized variants of other consonants can either be phonologized or not. We follow [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990] and only introduce the palatalized velars (gʸ kʸ kːʸ kʰʸ kʼʸ xʸ) and laterals (lʸ lːʸ) in our phonemic-oriented transcription.

3. As described in [Kibrik et al. 1972: 30, 41 f., 46], the phonological opposition between the plain and aspirated voiceless consonant series (as t / tʰ, č / čʰ, etc.) is only present in the intervocalic position or in the initial position before a vowel or a sonant. Elsewhere, this opposition is neutralized as follows: (a) in word-final position, only the aspirated series occurs (-tʰ#, -kʰ#, etc.); (b) after a fricative or a resonant segment before a vowel, only the plain series occurs (-nta-, -ska-, etc.). There is no opposition before obstruents: in [Kibrik et al. 1972; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990], the first segment in such a cluster is transcribed as aspirated, but we prefer to follow the Cyrillic orthography and transcribe these as non-aspirated (čχ, ps, etc.). Finally, in the rare medial position before a resonant, only the aspirated series occurs (-tʰm-, etc.). It should be especially noted that the Cyrillic orthography is rather inconsistent in all the aforementioned cases.

4. There is a number of specific positional, i.e., non-phonemic variants such as šː rː gʷ ɦ ŋ ŋʸ V̥ and so on, discussed in [Kibrik et al. 1972]. These are not reflected in the traditional orthography and in our GLD transcription. Additionally, it is noted in [Ganieva 2002: 471] that vowels adjacent to a pharyngeal (ʕ ħ) may become pharyngealized ({I} in the Cyrillic orthography).

5. The status of long vowels is unclear. These are systematically marked only in [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1990].

Database compiled and annotated by:
Khinalug: A. Kassian, August 2013.