Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Numic group (Uto-Aztecan family).

Languages included: Mono, Western [num-wmo]; Western Shoshoni [num-wsh]; Gosiute [num-gos]; Kawaiisu [num-kaw].

DATA SOURCES

Main sources

Bethel et al. 1993 = A Dictionary of Western Mono. Second Edition. Compiled and Edited by Rosalie Bethel, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether, Gregory A. Reinhardt. Completely corrected, updated and revised by Cristopher Loether and Rosalie Bethel. 1993. // A large dictionary of Western Mono with examples of sentences and morphological analysis.

Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001 = Crum, Beverly, Earl Crum, Jon P. Dayley. 2001. Newe Hupia: Shoshoni poetry songs. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. // A collection of Western Shoshoni songs with translations, accompanied by a 50-page Shoshoni-English glossary.

Miller 1996 = Miller, Wick R. 1996. Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language. In: Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17. Languages. Ed. by Ives Goddard. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Pp. 693-720. // A sketch of Gosiute grammar, accompanied by a small wordlist.

Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991 = Zigmond, Maurice L., Curtis G. Booth, and Pamela Munro. 1991. Kawaiisu. A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts. Edited by Pamela Munro. (University of California publications in linguistics; v. 119) Berkeley – Los Angeles – Oxford: University of California Press. // A description of Kawaiisu, including a dictionary of circa 200 pages.

Additional sources

Klein 1959 = Klein, Sheldon. 1959. Comparative Mono-Kawaiisu. In: International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 233-238. // A comparative study of two Numic languages. The Kawaiisu material is from the author’s own field notes.

NOTES

I. Western Mono.

I.1. General.

Western Mono (also called Monache or Monachi) is a dialect of the moribund Mono language belonging to the Western branch of Numic. It is spoken on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. The variety documented in [Bethel et al. 1993] is spoken in the North Fork Rancheria reservation, located in Madera County, California.

I.2. Transliteration.

The following symbols of the Western Mono alphabet are transliterated into UTS:

b	β
g̷	ɣ
kw	kʷ
qw	qʷ
ts	c
'	ʔ
A	ḁ
E	e̥
I	i̥
Ɨ	ɨ̥
O	o̥
U	u̥
VV	Vː
V	ˈV

<s> is pronounced as [s] by some speakers and as [ʂ] by others. Short <e> is pronounced as [ɛ], long <ee> as [ei]. <d> is pronounced as [ð] after short /e/ and as [ɾ] elsewhere. We do not reflect this in transliteration, because loanwords from Spanish clearly show that d is perceived by speakers as an obstruent, not as a sonorant. Western Mono d substitutes Spanish d (masikaːdˈaʔ ‘handkerchief’ < Spanish mascada), while Spanish r and rr are consistently substituted by n (oːnˈoʔ ‘gold’ < Spanish oro).

II. Western Shoshoni.

II.1. General.

Western Shoshoni is a dialect of the endangered Shoshoni language belonging to the Central branch of Numic. The variety documented in [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001] is spoken in the Duck Valley Indian Reservation straddling the border between Idaho and Nevada.

II.2. Transliteration.

The following symbols of the Western Shoshoni alphabet are transliterated into UTS:

ai	e
e	ɨ
kw	kʷ
(n) word-finally	n
ts	c
tts	cc
’	ʔ
VV	Vː

III. Gosiute.

III.1. General.

Gosiute is a dialect of the endangered Shoshoni language belonging to the Central branch of Numic. It is spoken in Eastern Nevada and western Utah.

III.2. Transliteration.

The main issue with transliteration has to do with long vowels. Miller marks them with a raised dot (V); the UTS transcription has a triangular colon (Vː) instead. Nasalizing and aspirating final features of stems are written as -n and -h respectively; geminating final feature is not reflected in the transliteration, but is always mentioned in the notes.

IV. Kawaiisu.

IV.1. General.

Kawaiisu is a moribund language belonging to the Southern branch of Numic. It is spoken in Kern county, California.

IV.2. Transliteration.

The following symbols of the Kawaiisu alphabet are transliterated into UTS:

kw	kʷ
g	ɣ
ŋg	ŋg
gw	ɣʷ
hw	hʷ
VV	Vː

Database compiled by: M. Zhivlov (July 2018).