Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Jê group (Macro-Jê family).

Languages included: Mẽbêngôkre, Xikrín [jee-xik]; Mẽbêngôkre, Kayapó [jee-kay]; Timbíra, Krahô [jee-krh]; Timbíra, Pykobjê [jee-pyk]; Timbíra, Canela [jee-can]; Timbíra, Parkatêjê [jee-ptj]; Apinajé [jee-api]; Kĩsêdjê [jee-ksj]; Tapayúna [jee-tap]; Panará [jee-pnr]; Xavánte [jee-xav]; Xerénte [jee-xer]; Laklãnõ [jee-lak]; Kaingáng, São Paulo [jee-kgp]; Kaingáng, Paraná [jee-kpr]; Kaingáng, Central [jee-kgc].

DATA SOURCES

General.

Martius 1867 = Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von. Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens, II. Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium. Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer. // A collection of wordlists collected in XIX century or earlier (Cayapós = Southern Kayapó, Krahô, Xavánte, Xerénte, Xakriabá, Acroa-Mirim, Apinajé, Apãniekrá).

Rodrigues & Ferreira-Silva 2011 = Rodrigues, Cíntia Karla Coelho; Marília de Nazaré Ferreira-Silva. Comparando as consoantes das línguas Tapajúna e Suyá. Alfa 55(2): 601–611. // A short comparative work, where several dozen Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna words are cited.

Salanova 2001 = Salanova, Andrés Pablo. A nasalidade em Mebengokre e Apinayé: o limite do vozeamento soante. (MA thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A work on specific aspects of Mẽbêngôkré and Apinajé phonology and morphophonology. The words are usually cited without any context.

Jolkesky 2010 = Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. Reconstrução fonológica e lexical do Proto-Jê Meridional. (MA thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // An attempt of a reconstruction of Proto-Southern Jê phonology and lexicon, including some Kaingáng, São Paulo Kaingáng, Xokléng and Ingain wordlists.

I. Mẽbêngôkre (Xikrí́n and Kayapó).

(a) Xikrín.

Costa 2015 = Costa, Lucivaldo Silva da. 2015. Uma descrição gramatical da língua Xikrín do Cateté (família Jê, tronco Macro-Jê). (PhD thesis.) Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília. // A grammar sketch of Xikrín as spoken in Cateté. No glossary found.

Salanova 2019 = Andrés Pablo Salanovaʼs comments. // Based on own fieldwork conducted between 1996 and 2016.

(b) Kayapó.

Jefferson 1989 = Jefferson, Kathleen. 1989. Gramática Pedagógica Kayapó. Anápolis, GO: Associação Internacional de Linguística, SIL – Brasil. // A practical guide to Kayapó. Most words are found in sample sentences.

Reis Silva 2003 = Reis Silva, Maria Amélia. 2003. Pronomes, ordem e ergatividade em Mebengokre (Kayapó). (MA thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of some aspects of Mẽbêngôkré grammar focused on the phenomena related to alignment, case and finiteness. The author has carried out fieldwork both on Kayapó and Xikrín and does not distinguish between the two when citing actual linguistic data; however, she claims that the empiric part of her work relies more on the Kayapó data.

Stout & Thomson 1974 = Stout, Mickey; Thomson, Ruth. 1974. Fonêmica Txukuhamẽi (Kayapó). Série lingüística 3: 153–176. Brasília, DF: Summer Institute of Linguistics. // A description of Kayapó phonology. The words are cited without any context.

Salanova 2019 = Andrés Pablo Salanovaʼs comments. // Based on own fieldwork conducted between 1997 and 2018.

Nimuendajú 1932 = Nimuendajú, Curt. 1932. Idiomas indígenas del Brasil. Revista del Instituto de Etnología de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán 2(2): 543–618. Tucumán: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. // A selection of wordlists recorded by Curt Nimuendajú, including a Kayapó wordlist.

II. Timbíra (Krahô, Pykobjê, Ramkokamekrá, Apãniêkrá, Parkatêjê).

Krahô

Miranda 2014 = Miranda, Maxwell Gomes. Morfologia e morfossintaxe da língua Krahô (família Jê, tronco Macro-Jê). (PhD thesis.) Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília. // A grammatical description of Krahô. No glossary is found, the examples are mostly rextracted from glossed texts.

Pykobjê

Pries 2008 = Pries, Stanley T. Dicionário Gavião-Krikati. Mimeo. // A comprehensive dictionary of Pykobjê (Gavião) and Krikati, two closely related varieties.

Sá 1999 = Sá, Rosane Muñoz de. Análise fonológica preliminar do Pykobyê. (MA thesis.) São Paulo, SP: Universidade de São Paulo. // A description of Pykobjê phonology. All the data are presented without any context.

Sá 2004 = Sá Amado, Rosane de. Aspectos morfofonológicos do Gavião-Pykobjê. (PhD thesis.) São Paulo, SP: Universidade de São Paulo. // A description of Pykobjê morphophonology. Some sample sentences are available but for most words no context is provided. A glossary covering several semantic fields is found.

Silva 2011 = Silva, Talita Rodrigues da. Descrição e análise morfossintática do nome e do verbo em Pykobjê-Gavião (Timbira). (MA thesis.) São Paulo, SP: Universidade de São Paulo. // A description of Pykobjê morphosyntax. No glossary is found, the examples are mostly extracted from glossed texts.

Silva 2012 = Silva, Talita Rodrigues da. Análise sobre a tipologia da ordem dos constituintes do dialeto indígena Pykobjê-Gavião (Timbira). Estudos Linguísticos 41(1): 231–245. // A short article on certain syntactic aspects of Pykobjê. Several glossed examples are available.

Canela

Grupp 2015 = Grupp, Bernhard. 2015. Dicionário Canela: Canela–Português–Inglês, Português–Canela, Inglês–Canela. 2ª edição revisada. Barra do Corda, MA: Missão Cristã Evangélica do Brasil. // A comprehensive dictionary of Canela.

Castro Alves 1999 = Castro Alves, Flávia de. Aspectos fonológicos do Apãniekrá (Jê). (MA thesis.) São Paulo, SP: Universidade de São Paulo. // A description of Apãniekrá phonology.

Castro Alves 2004 = Castro Alves, Flávia de. O Timbira falado pelos Canela Apãniekrá: uma contribuição aos estudos da morfossintaxe de uma língua Jê. (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of Apãniekrá morphosyntax.

Popjes & Popjes 1971 [2009] = Popjes, Jack; Josephine Popjes. Phonemic Statement of Canela. Anápolis, GO: Associação Internacional de Linguística, SIL – Brasil. // A description of Ramkokamekrá phonology. All the data are presented without any context.

Popjes & Popjes 1986 = Popjes, Jack; Josephine Popjes. Canela-Krahô. In: Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages 1, pp. 128–199. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter. // A grammatical description of Ramkokamekrá (which the authors consider to be a dialect of Krahô). Most words are extracted from glossed sentences.

Parkatêjê

Araújo 2016 = Araújo, Leopoldina. Dicionário Parkatêjê-Português. Belém. // A dictionary of Parkatêjê, as spoken in the Terra Indígena Mãe Maria in the municipality of Bom Jesus do Tocantins (Pará). The entries are usually accompanied with transcriptions, grammatical information and usage examples.

III. Apinajé

DEA = Albuquerque, Francisco Edviges (org.). 2012. Dicionário Escolar Apinayé. Panhĩ Kapẽr - Kupẽ kapẽr. Apinayé - Português. Belo Horizonte, MG: Editora da Faculdade de Letras - UFMG. // A school dictionary of Apinajé. No contexts specified.

Oliveira 2005 = Oliveira, Christiane Cunha de. 2005. The language of the Apinajé people of Central Brazil. (PhD thesis.) University of Oregon. // A reference grammar of Apinajé with a glossary, where most entries are accompanied with examples and grammatical information.

Ham 1961 = Ham, Patricia. 1961. Apinayé Grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics. // A grammar sketch of the Apinajé language. No glossary is found.

Ham et al. 1979 = Ham, Patricia; Helen Wallen; Linda Koopman. 1979. Aspectos da língua Apinayé. Cuiabá, MT: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. // A practical guide to Apinajé. A short glossary is found.

Albuquerque 2011 = Albuquerque, Francisco Edviges. 2011. Gramática pedagógica da língua Apinajé. Goiânia, GO: Editora da PUC Goiás. // A pedagogical grammar of Apinajé written in traditional grammar terms.

IV. Kĩsêdjê

DMK = Dicionário Multimídia Kĩsêdjê. Available online at <http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/kisedje/dicionario-multimidia>. // A wordlist of Kĩsêdjê accompanied with audio recordings of each word or phrase.

Santos 1997 = Santos, Ludoviko Carnasciali dos. 1997. Descrição de aspectos morfossintáticos da língua Suyá (Kĩsêdjê), família Jê. (PhD thesis.) Florianópolis, SC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. // A grammatical description of Kĩsêdjê. No wordlist found.

Nonato 2014 = Nonato, Rafael. 2014. Clause Chaining, Switch Reference and Coordination. (PhD thesis.) Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. // This work describes certain syntactic phenomena in Kĩsêdjê and is accompanied with a short grammar sketch.

Guedes 1993 = Guedes, Marymarcia. 1993. Sɨwǰá mẽkapẽrẽra. SUYÁ: a língua da gente. Um estudo fonológico e gramatical. (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A grammatical description of Kĩsêdjê. The transcription is not very reliable. A short vocabulary is found.

Nonato f.n. = Rafael Nonatoʼs field notes. // A short wordlist included into a comparative table compiled and provided to us by Andrés Pablo Salanova.

V. Tapayúna

Camargo 2010 = Camargo, Nayara da Silva. Língua Tapayúna: aspectos sociolingüísticos e uma análise fonológica preliminar. (MA thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A phonological description of Tapayúna.

Camargo 2015 = Camargo, Nayara da Silva. Tapayuna (Jê): aspectos morfossintáticos, históricos e sociolinguísticos. (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of Tapayúna morphosyntax.

Santos 1990 = Santos, Ludoviko Carnasciali dos. Abordagem preliminar da Fonologia do Tapayúna. Encontro Multidisciplinar de Indigenismo. M.s. Campinas, SP. Cited apud [Guedes 1993]. // Several isolated words from Santosʼs work cited in [Guedes 1993].

Beauchamp 2018 = Jérémie Beauchampʼs comments. // Based on own fieldwork conducted between 2016 and 2017.

VI. Panará

Bardagil-Mas 2018 = Bardagil-Mas, Bernat. Case and agreement in Panará. (Naamval en congruentie in het Panará.) (PhD thesis.) Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. // A work on Panará morphosyntax with an emphasis on case and agreement, containing extensive glossed material.

Dourado 2001 = Dourado, Luciana. Aspectos Morfossintáticos da Língua Panará (Jê). (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of Panará morphosyntax, containing extensive glossed material.

Vasconcelos 2013 = Vasconcelos, Eduardo Alves. Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará. (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A work whose main purpose is to demonstrate that Southern Kayapó wordlists represent an older stage of Panará. Several hundred lexical items collected by the author in the field are included.

Bardagil-Mas 2015 = Bardagil-Mas, Bernat. Tangled up in mood: Exploring Panará split ergativity. Linguistics in the Netherlands 32(1): 1–15. // An article on the split ergativity in Panará. Some sample sentences are found.

Bardagil-Mas 2016 = Bardagil-Mas, Bernat. Negation mechanisms in Panará (Jê). Presentation: Amazónicas VI, Leticia. // A conference presentation on the means of negation in Panará.

Bardagil-Mas et al. 2016 = Bardagil-Mas, Bernat; Myriam Lapierre; Andrés Salanova. A digital dictionary of Panará. Presentation: Symposium on American Indigenous Languages. // A conference presentation with a proposal of a digital dictionary of Panará.

Lapierre et al. 2016 = Lapierre, Myriam; Bernat Bardagil-Mas; Andrés Salanova. The nasal consonants of Panará. Presentation: WSCLA. // A conference presentation with a proposal of an alternative analysis of some Panará consonants.

Bardagil-Mas f.n. = Bernat Bardagil-Masʼs field notes. // A short wordlist included into a comparative table compiled and provided to us by Andrés Pablo Salanova.

VII. Xavánte

Lachnitt 1987 = Lachnitt, Georg. Romnhitsiʼubumro aʼuwẽ mreme, waradzu mreme: Dicionário xavante-português. Campo Grande, MS: Missão Salesiana de Mato Grosso. // A Xavánte-Portuguese vocabulary. Although it comprises more lexical data than any other source on Xavánte, the entries tend to lack detailed semantic information. No usage examples are provided for Xavánte words.

Estevam 2011 = Estevam, Adriana Machado. Morphosyntaxe du xavante, langue jê du Mato Grosso (Brésil). (PhD thesis.) Paris: Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7). // An extensive description of Xavánte morphosyntax, including numerous glossed examples. No glossary is provided.

Hall et al. 1987 [2004] = Hall, Joan; Ruth Alice McLeod; Valerie Mitchell. Pequeno dicionário Xavante-Português, Português-Xavante. Damreme pibuzé hã a’uwẽ mreme, warazu mreme na te te ĩsaprĩ mono zém na duré warazu mreme, a’uwẽ mreme na te te ĩsaprĩ mono zém na. Cuiabá, MT: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. // A Xavánte-Portuguese-Xavánte dictionary. The entries are frequently accompanied with morphophonological information and with usage examples.

McLeod 1974 = McLeod, Ruth. Fonemas xavánte. Série Lingüística 3: 131–152. // A short description of Xavánte phonology, including a small wordlist.

VIII. Xerénte

Krieger & Krieger 1994 = Krieger, Wanda Braidotti, Guenther Carlos Krieger (orgs.). Akwẽ mrmẽze–ktâwankõ mrmẽze; ktâwankõ mrmẽze–akwẽ mrmẽze. Dicionário escolar: Xerente–Português; Português–Xerente. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Junta das Missões Nacionais da Convenção Batista Brasileira. // A Xerénte-Portuguese dictionary. The entries lack detailed information on the morphophonology of the stems and the usage examples are not provided.

Cotrim 2016 = Cotrim, Rodrigo Guimarães Prudente Marquez. Uma descrição da morfologia e de aspectos morfossintáticos da língua Akwẽ-Xerente (Jê Central). (PhD thesis.) Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. // A description of Xerénte morphosyntax. Includes a vocabulary.

Souza 2008 = Souza, Shelton de Lima. Descrição fonético-fonológica da língua Akwen-Xerente. (MA thesis.) Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília. // A study dedicated to Xerénte phonology. The data are limited to isolated words.

Sousa Filho 2007 = Sousa Filho, Sinval Martins de. Aspectos morfossintáticos da língua Akwẽ-Xerente (Jê). (PhD thesis.) Goiânia, GO: Universidade Federal de Goiás. // A description of Xerénte morphosyntax comprising numerous glossed sentences. No glossary is attached.

Santos 2007 = Santos, Jayme Célio Furtado dos. Contribuições didáticas para o ensino de português aos akwẽ-xerente. (PhD thesis.) Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. // A study dedicated to the issues unrelated to the Xerénte language. Includes a 329-item questionnaire on Xerénte vocabulary and grammar designed by the Museu Nacional.

Mattos 1973 = Mattos, Rinaldo de. Fonêmica Xerente. Série lingüística 1: 79–100. // A short work on Xerénte phonology. Includes a short vocabulary.

Castelnau f.n. = a wordlist collected by Castelnau (Martius 1867: 139–141)

Ehrenreich 1895 = Ehrenreich, Paul. Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens: III. Die Sprache der Akuä oder Chavantes und Cherentes (Goyaz). Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 27: 149–162. // A XIX century description of Xavánte (as spoken in the Salinas village located on the Southern Araguaia, close to its confluence with the Crixás-mirim river) and Xerénte (as spoken in Santa Maria do Araguaia). The data on grammar are very scarce; there are a few sample sentences but most data are restricted to isolated words.

XI. Laklãnõ

Alves 2014 = Alves Júnior, Ozias. Parlons xokleng / laklãnõ. Langua indigène du sud du Brésil. Paris: LʼHarmattan. // A practical description of Laklãnõ with a Laklãnõ-French glossary.

Gakran 2016 = Gakran, Nanblá. Elementos fundamentais da gramática Laklãnõ. (PhD thesis.) Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília. // A grammar sketch of Laklãnõ. No glossary is found.

Bublitz 1994 = Bublitz, Terezinha. Análise fonológica preliminar da língua Xokléng. (MA thesis.) Brasília, DF: Universidade de Brasília. // A sketch of Laklãnõ phonology. All the example are cited without any context.

Urban 1985 = Urban, Greg. Ergativity and accusativity in Shokleng (Gê). International Journal of American Linguistics 51(2): 164–187. // A short article on certain aspects of Laklãnõ grammar.

XII. Kaingáng

Central Kaingáng

Herold 1996 = Herold, Cristina. Aspectos da fonologia da língua Kaingáng: dialeto central. (MA thesis.) Florianópolis, SC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. // A description of Central Kaingáng phonology. A sample wordlist is found.

São Paulo Kaingáng

Cavalcante 1987 = Cavalcante, Marita Pôrto. Fonologia e morfologia da língua Kaingang: o dialeto de São Paulo comparado com o do Paraná. (PhD thesis.) Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of São Paulo Kaingáng phonology and morphology.

Paraná Kaingáng

Wiesemann 1981 = Wiesemann, Ursula. Dicionário kaingáng-português, português-kaingáng. Brasília, DF: Summer Institute of Linguistics. // A vocabulary of Kaingáng accompanied with some notes on morphophonology.

Wiesemann 2011 = Wiesemann, Ursula Gojtéj. Dicionário Kaingang-Português, Português-Kaingang. 2ª edição atualizada pelo Novo Acordo Ortográfico. Curitiba, PR: Esperança. // A dictionary of Kaingáng; the entries are usually illustrated with sample sentences.

NOTES

General.

Jê languages are rich in morphophonologic alternations.

So called class II stems are lemmatized in their uninflected (conominal) forms, containing their thematic consonant, which is analyzed as a part of the stem (following A. P. Salanovaʼs analysis, pace A. D. Rodriguesʼs and E. R. Ribeiroʼs analyses, who treat them as segmentable prefixes). An exception is made for Panará nouns, given that in this language the etymologically uninflected form surfaces only in the syntactically marked context of incorporation.

Verbs are lemmatized in their finite forms, except in Panará, where the realis mood forms (corresponding to the non-finite forms of other Jê languages) are used. Singular verbs are preferred over plural/pluractional. Information on non-finite forms and plural/pluractional equivalents is systematically provided in the comments section.

In most Jê languages, some stems surface in different manners utterance-medially and utterance-finally. Utterance-medial allomorphs are preferred for Central Jê and Southern Jê languages due to the fact that some important distinctions are neutralized utterance-finally in these languages. For Kĩsêdjê and Tapayúna, utterance-final allomorphs are preferred instead.

I. Mẽbêngôkre.

Mẽbêngôkre is spoken by two major ethnic groups: Xikrín (Cateté, Trincheira/Bacajá) and Kayapó (subgroup Gorotire: Kayapó, Badjônkôre, Las Casas; subgroup Mekrãknoti: Baú, Mekrãgnoti, Capoto-Jarina, Kapôt Nhinore; subgroup Kararaô: Kararaô, partly Baú). Dialectal differences between them are minimal.

Costaʼs data are written in IPA (only minor adjustments to UTS are needed). Correspondences between the orthography, Stout & Thompsonʼs transcription and the UTS are as follows:

Orthography Stout & Thompson UTS (Xikrín) UTS (Kayapó)
p p p p
b b b b
m, -Vm m [m, -V^bm] m, -Vb m
w w w w
t t t t
d d d d
n, -Vn n [n, -V^dn] n, -Vd n
r r̆ [ř, n] ɾ ɾ
x c [t^y ~ tš, -^ytš] č č
dj ǰ [d^y ~ dž] ǯ ǯ
nh, -Vnh ñ [ñ, -V^dñ] ɲ ɲ
j y y y
k k k k
g g g g
ng ŋ ŋ ŋ
ʼ ʔ ʔ ʔ
a a a a
à ä ʌ ʌ
ỳ ë ɤ ɤ
y ï ɯ ɯ
o ɔ ɔ ɔ
ô o o o
u u u u
e ɛ ɛ ɛ
ê e e e
i i i i
ã ã ã ã
ã ä̃ ʌ̃ ʌ̃
ỹ ï̃ ɯ̃ ɯ̃
õ õ õ õ
ũ ũ ũ ũ
ẽ ɛ̃ ẽ ẽ
ĩ ĩ ĩ ĩ

II. Timbíra (Krahô, Pykobjê, Apãniêkrá, Ramkokamekrá).

The following abbreviations are used: class A = zero 3rd person marker, class B = i- (Pykobjê ẽ̤j-) as the 3rd person marker, class C = iʔ- (Pykobjê ẽ̤ʔ-) as the 3rd person marker, class D = iN- (Pykobjê ẽ̤N-) as the 3rd person marker. These distinctions continue earlier distinctions between Proto-Northern Jê stem-initial consonants, some of which were later neutralized in Timbíra.

Krahô is spoken by almost 2000 people who live in the Terra Indígena Krahô. The data in [Miranda 2014] were collected in the community of Pedra Branca, 31 km from Itacajá. Mirandaʼs data are written in IPA. Minor adjustments to UTS are necessary (j > y, tʃ > č, dʒ > ǯ, ã > ɐ̃).

Pykobjê is spoken by approximately 700 people in the villages of Governador, Rubiácea and Riachinho (municipality Amarante do Maranhão, state of Maranhão). Since Sáʼs data are written in IPA, only cosmetic changes are required: tʃ > č, r > ɾ. Silva, on the contrary, uses the unified Timbíra orthography involving the following conventions: č {x}, k {c}, kʰ {k}, ⁿg {(n)g}, ʔ {ʼ}, y {j}, ɾ {r}, i {ë}, u {ö}, ǝ {y}, ɨ {ỳ}, ǝ̃ {ỹ}. In some cases Silva writes oral vowels (kʰɾǝ 'head', te 'to go') where Sá attests nasal vowels (kʰɾǝ̃ 'head', tẽ 'to go'). Pries uses the orthography (which is also widely used by the speakers), which, unlike Sáʼs and Silvaʼs transcription systems, also represents the phonation constrast (modal vs. breathy voice) found in the language but fails to capture the contrast between k and kʰ. The following correspondences hold between the orthography and UTS: č {x}, k(ʰ) {c/qu}, ⁿg {g}, ʔ {ʼ}, y {j}, ɾ {r}, V̤ {Vh}, ǝ̤ {yh}, ǝ̃ {ỹ}, ɨ {y}, ǝ {à}. The nasality on vowels is unmarked following nasal consonants.

Canela (ethnic population around 2200) is spoken by the Ramkokamekrá (Terra Indígena Canela) and by the Apãniêkrá (Terra Indígena Porquinhos) in the state of Maranhão. Castro Alves writes most of her data in IPA; these require only minor cosmetic changes in compliance with UTS standards, like j > y. However, a smaller part of her data is written in Common Timbíra practical orthography (not reproduced in the lists and not actively used by the speakers). The lists are accompanied by the orthographic representation in use by the speakers, as developed by Popjes & Popjes. In UTS, echo vowels are omitted.

Common Timbíra practical orthography Orthography in use Phonemics (P & P) UTS
p p p p
t t t t
x x ¢ č
c c, qu k k
k k kʰ k
ʼ h h ʔ
m m m m
n n n n
g g ŋ ŋ
w w w w
j j j y
r r l ɾ, -ɻ
h h h h
a a, ã a, ã a, ã
e e ɛ ɛ
ë ê e e
ë i i i
ẽ ẽ ɛ̃ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ ĩ i
y y ï ɨ
ỳ à ɛ̈ ɜ
ỳ ỳ ë ɘ
ỹ ỹ ï̃ ɨ̃
ỹ ã ɛ̈̃ ɜ̃
o o ɔ ɔ
ö ô o o
ö u u u
õ õ ɔ̃ ɔ̃
ũ ũ ũ u

The Parkatêjê ethnic group comprises three subgroups, two of which inhabited two villages (Km 30, Km 33, as of 2010) in the Terra Indígena Mãe Maria in the municipality of Bom Jesus do Tocantins in the Brazilian state of Pará; the third group migrated to the state of Maranhão (close to the city of Imperatriz) in the 19th century. As of 2011, 478 Parkatêjês lived in Mãe Maria.

The entries in [Araújo 2016] are provided both in their orthographic and phonetic representations. Minimal adjustments are needed in order to match UTS (ʒ > ž, j > y).

III. Apinajé.

Ethnic Apinajé number approximately 1300; they inhabit the Terra Indígena Apinajé at the confluence of the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of the Apinajé was divided into three contiguous, politically defined areas, each with its main village and chief. These areas are associated, in the literature, with three distinct Apinajé groups: the Rõrkojoire, the Cocojoire, and the Krĩjobreire.

UTS follows the analysis by Ham (upon which the orthography is based), which is slightly different from Oliveiraʼs analysis. The denasalization in unstressed syllables and the presence of echo vowels are denoted in UTS.

Orthography Oliveira UTS
p p p
m b, m ⁿb, m
w v v
t t t
n d, n ⁿd, n
r r ɾ
x č č
nh j̆, ɲ ⁿǯ, ɲ
j j j
k k k
g g ⁿg, ŋ
h ʔ ʔ
a a a
à ʌ, ǝ ʌ
ỳ ɘ ɘ
y ɨ ɨ
e ɛ ɛ
ê e e
i i i
o ɔ ɔ
ô o o
u u u
ã ã, ǝ̃ ã, ʌ̃
ỹ ɨ̃ ɨ̃
ẽ ẽ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ ĩ
õ õ ɔ̃
ũ ũ ũ

IV. Kĩsêdjê

Kĩsêdjê (Suyá) is spoken by approximately 400 people in the Parque Indígena do Xingu. The Kĩsêdjê are known to have arrived in the Xingu area from the east in the first half of 18th century, settling down at the confluence of the Xingu and the Suyá-Missu rivers (Diawarum region). By 1915 they had relocated up the Suyá-Missu to the Yamarikumã village. In 1959 they migrated back to Diawarum (Rikô village on the left bank of the Suyá-Missu river, abandoned in 2000). Around 1993, the Ngôsoko village was formed at the Wawi river. Currently Kĩsêdjê inhabit four villages: Ngôjhwêrê, Nĝosoko, Roptotxi and Horehusikrô. The fieldwork by Nonato was carried out in the Ngôjhwêrê village; Guedesʼ and Santosʼ fieldwork was carried out in the Rikô village.

Nonatoʼs and Santosʼ data are easily reconcilable. One major distinction is that Nonato recognizes the phonemic nature of Kĩsêdjê kʰ and tʰ. Whenever the information in [Nonato 2014] conflicts with [Nonato f.n.], the data from [Nonato 2014] are preferred.

The transcription in use by Guedes is of poor quality. For instance, she inconsistently transcribes (and phonologizes) ɜ as [ǝ] or [ɔ], syllable-final -k as [k] or [ɣ] (note that in Guedesʼs transcription ɣ corresponds to [hɽ], ɣw to [hw]).

In Kĩsêdjê, echo vowels are systematically inserted in utterance-final position. Only the utterance-final allomorphs are given.

The correspondences between the orthography and UTS are presented below.

Orthography UTS
p p
mb ⁿb
mbr ⁿbɺ
mV mṼ
mrV mɺṼ
w w
t t
th tʰ
nd ⁿd
nV nṼ
r ɺ, ɾ
tx ȶ
s s
j y
nhV ɲṼ
k k
kh kʰ
kr kɹ
ng ⁿg, ŋ
ngr ⁿgɹ, ŋɹ
h h
hr hɺ
a a
á ɜ
â ɘ
y ɨ
e ɛ
ê e
i i
o ɔ
ô o
u u
ã ã, ɘ̃
ẽ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ
õ ɔ̃
ũ ũ

V. Tapayúna.

Tapayúna is spoken by more than 80 individuals. Since 2009, they reside in the Kawêrêtxikô village (Terra Indígena Kapot-Jarina); before that, they inhabited the Metuktire village together with speakers of Mẽbêngôkre. Some Tapayúna speakers live in the Ngôsoko village, where the Kĩsêdjê constitute the ethnic majority.

Camargoʼs [2010] data are written in IPA. Minor adjustments to UTS are necessary (j > y, ʀ̥ > χ, tʃ > č, dʒ > ǯ, ʈ > ʈʰ, nɾ > ɾ̃, ⁿb/m > w̃); the latter three adjustments are suggested by Beauchampʼs comments based on his ongoing fieldowork. The free variation between prenasalized and nasal allophones is normalized in favor of the prenasalized allophones, since the variation with nasals can be attributed to recent contacts with Mẽbêngôkre speakers. Camargo [2015] uses an orthographic representation is not described explicitly; the following correspondences can be identified: ʈʰ {th}, kʰ {kh}, w̃, w {w}, ⁿd {nd}, n {n}.

VI. Panará

Panará is spoken in the basin of the Xingu river. The Panará occupied an extensive area in the north of Mato Grosso and the south of Pará before the government made contact with them in 1973, at which time they numbered approximately 700 individuals. Those Panará were in fact the surviving members of the so-called Southern Kayapó, a group of Brazilian natives that had highly violent encounters with the colonial and neo-colonial Brazilian societies in the Goiás and Minas Gerais area, and were considered to be extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. During the 1990s, after spending 20 years in the Xingu Park, they succesfully established a new village in their demarcated indigenous land on the banks of the Iriri Novo river, near the town of Guarantã do Norte in the state of Mato Grosso. The current population of Panará speakers is considered to be around 500, all of whom live in villages inside the Panará Indigenous Land (Nãsepotiti, Kôtikô, Sõkârãsã, Sõnkwêê, Kresã).

Panará displays a number of epenthetic processes. Importantly, word-initially [i] is inserted before geminates and post-oralized allophones of underlying nasals, and [n] (~ [ɾ̃] phrase-medially) is inserted before ʌ̃. These epenthetic segments are reflected in UTS but are treated as if they were prefixes in order to facilitate the application of automatic procedures to Panará data.

The correspondences between the orthography, Douradoʼs transcription and UTS are as follows.

Orthography Dourado UTS
p, pp p p, pp
m m m
w w w
t, tt t t, tt
n n, -N n, -ŋ
VnC ṼC VⁿC
s, ss s s
r ɾ ɾ
j j y
k, kk k k, kk
h h h
a a a
â ǝ ʌ
y ɨ ɨ
o ɔ ɔ
ô o o
u u, w u, w
e ɛ ɛ
ê e e
i i, j i, y
ã ã ʌ̃
ỹ ɨ̃ ɨ̃
õ õ ɔ̃
ũ ũ ũ
ẽ ẽ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ ĩ

VII. Xavánte

Ethnic Xavántes number approximately 15000. They inhabit a vast area in eastern Mato Grosso and Goiás. Approximately 10000 of them are Xavánte speakers.

The orthography currently in use [Lachnitt 1987] is distinct from the transcription systems employed in [Estevam 2011] and [Hall et al. 1987]. They are compared below.

Hall et al. 1987 Estevam 2011 Lachnitt 1987 UTS
p p p p
b b b b
m m m m
w w w w
t t t t
d d d d
n n n n
r r r ɾ
s s ts c
z z dz ʒ
nh ñ nh ɲ
h h h h
ʼ ʔ ʼ ʔ
a a a a
é é é ɛ
e e e e
i i i i
o o o ɔ
ô ô ô o
u u u u
â ö ö ǝ
y u y ɨ
ã, a ã, a ã, a ǝ̃
ẽ, e ẽ, e ẽ, e ɛ̃
ĩ, i ĩ, i ĩ, i ĩ
õ, o õ, o õ, o ɔ̃

In all these conventions the nasality is not marked on vowels when these are preceded by {m, mr, n, nh}. The glottal stop is not written out in the word-initial position. Vowel length is unmarked except in the 1SG index ĩː- {ĩĩ-}.

VIII. Xerénte

Ethnic Xerénte number over 3000. They live in the proximity of Tocantínia (Tocantins state) on the left margin of the Tocantins River.

Correspondences between the orthography, the phonological representation used by some of the authors and the UTS are presented below.

Orthography Sousa 2008 Sousa Filho 2007 UTS
p p p p
b b b b
m m m m
w w w w
t t t t
d d d d
n n n n
r ɾ r ɾ
s s s s
z z z z
k k k k
h h h h
a a a a
â ǝ ɨ ǝ
û ǝ ɨ ɨ
e ɛ ɛ ɛ
ê e e e
i i i i
i j j y
o ɔ ɔ ɔ
ô o o o
u u u u
ã ǝ̃ ǝ̃ ǝ̃
ẽ ẽ ẽ ẽ
ĩ ĩ ĩ ĩ
õ õ õ õ
ũ ũ ũ ũ

IX. Laklãnõ

Laklãnõ (Xokléng) is spoken by the Laklãnõ people, who inhabit 8 villages in the Terra Indígena Laklãnõ (municipalities José Boiteux, Vítor Meireles, Doutor Pedrinho e Itaiópolis, state of Santa Catarina): Sede, Pavão, Barragem, Palmeirinha, Figueira, Coqueiro, Bugio e Toldo.

The UTS transcription can be directly derived from the orthographic representation or from Jolkeskyʼs phonemic analysis. Echo vowels after the word-final continuants are denoted. The correspondences are as follows:

Orthography Jolkesky UTS
p p p
b m ⁿb
m m m, bⁿ
v v v
t t t
d n ⁿd
n n n, dⁿ
l l l
z θ ð
tx c č
dj ɲ ⁿǯ
nh ɲ ɲ, y
j j y, ɲ
k, gk k k
g, gg ŋ ⁿg, ŋ, gⁿ
h h h
a ɑ a
á ɤ ǝ
y ɯ ɨ
ó ɔ ɔ
o o o
u u u
é ɛ ɛ
e e e
i i i
ã ɑ̃ ã
ỹ ɯ̃ ɨ̃
õ ɔ̃ ɔ̃
ũ ũ ũ
ẽ ɛ̃ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ ĩ

X. Kaingáng

Ethnic Kaingáng number around 30000; the language is spoken by approximately 18000 individuals. It is subdivided into five dialects: São Paulo Kaingáng (sometimes considered a distinct language), Paraná, Central, South-Western and South-Eastern. The main structural differences between them are:

1) only in Paraná and South-Eastern dialects the distinction between ã (ɔ̃̃) and ẽ (ä̃) is observed; 2) in São Paulo Kaingáng ɸ and w are frequently mixed up; 3) only in Paraná special utterance-final forms for nouns are systematically used (in other dialects they are found only in verbs or fixed constructions); 4) the main negation morpheme is tũ in Paraná, Central and São Paulo Kaingáng and pi in South-Western and South-Eastern Kaingáng (pɛ 'intensified negation', found in Paraná and Central Kaingáng, is probably cognate).

In UTS, non-phonemic phenomena such as the prevocalization of ɾ, the insertion of ʔ before word-initial vowels, the presence of echo vowels after the word-final continuants and the prenasalization/postnasalization/preoralization of consonants are reflected. The main correspondences between Kaingáng orthography, phonemic representation and UTS for consonants are as follows (T stands for any voiceless consonant):

Orthography Phonology UTS (Central) UTS (Paraná) UTS (SP)
p p p p p
m (oral) m ⁿb-, -bⁿ ⁿb-, -bⁿ, -bⁿb-, bT ⁿb-, -bⁿ
m (nasal) m m m, bT m, m^pT
f ɸ f ɸ ɸ
v (oral) w v-, -w w, -wV w
v (nasal) w ɱ-, -w w, -wṼ w, -wṼ̆
t t t t t
n (oral) n ⁿd-, -dⁿ ⁿd-, -dⁿ, -dⁿd-, dT ⁿd-, -dⁿ
n (nasal) n n n, dT n, n^tT
r (oral) ɾ ɻ Vɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾV ʔǝɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾV̆
r (nasal) ɾ ɻ Ṽɹ-, Cɹ, -ɹṼ ʔǝɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾṼ̆
s c š š (^y)č
nh (oral) ɲ ⁿg-, -yⁿ ⁿȡ-, -ȡⁿ, -ȡⁿȡ-, ȡT ⁿȡ-, -(^y)ȡⁿ
nh (nasal) ɲ ɲ ɲ, ȡT (^y)ɲ, (^y)ɲ^čT
j j y y, -yV yV, VyV̆
g (oral) ŋ ⁿg-, -gⁿ ⁿg-, -gⁿ, -gⁿg-, gT ⁿg-, -gⁿ
g (nasal) ŋ ŋ ŋ, kT ŋ, ŋ^kT
ʼ ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ
h h x h h

Vowels:

Orthography Phonology UTS (Central) UTS (Paraná) UTS (SP)
a ɑ a a a
á (older à) ɤ ǝ ʌ ǝ
y ɯ ɨ ɨ ɨ
ó (older ò) ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ
o o o o o
u u u u u
é (older è) ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
e e e e e
i i i i i
ã ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃
ỹ ɯ̃ ã, ǝ̃ ɤ̃ ǝ̃
ũ ũ ũ ũ õ
ẽ ɛ̃ ɛ̃ ä̃ ɛ̃
ĩ ĩ ĩ ĩ ĩ

Database compiled and annotated by: André Nikulin (April 2019).

Orthography	Stout & Thompson	UTS (Xikrín)	UTS (Kayapó)
p	p	p	p
b	b	b	b
m, -Vm	m [m, -V^bm]	m, -Vb	m
w	w	w	w
t	t	t	t
d	d	d	d
n, -Vn	n [n, -V^dn]	n, -Vd	n
r	r̆ [ř, n]	ɾ	ɾ
x	c [t^y ~ tš, -^ytš]	č	č
dj	ǰ [d^y ~ dž]	ǯ	ǯ
nh, -Vnh	ñ [ñ, -V^dñ]	ɲ	ɲ
j	y	y	y
k	k	k	k
g	g	g	g
ng	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ
ʼ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ
a	a	a	a
à	ä	ʌ	ʌ
ỳ	ë	ɤ	ɤ
y	ï	ɯ	ɯ
o	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
ô	o	o	o
u	u	u	u
e	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
ê	e	e	e
i	i	i	i
ã	ã	ã	ã
ã	ä̃	ʌ̃	ʌ̃
ỹ	ï̃	ɯ̃	ɯ̃
õ	õ	õ	õ
ũ	ũ	ũ	ũ
ẽ	ɛ̃	ẽ	ẽ
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ	ĩ

Common Timbíra practical orthography	Orthography in use	Phonemics (P & P)	UTS
p	p	p	p
t	t	t	t
x	x	¢	č
c	c, qu	k	k
k	k	kʰ	k
ʼ	h	h	ʔ
m	m	m	m
n	n	n	n
g	g	ŋ	ŋ
w	w	w	w
j	j	j	y
r	r	l	ɾ, -ɻ
h	h	h	h
a	a, ã	a, ã	a, ã
e	e	ɛ	ɛ
ë	ê	e	e
ë	i	i	i
ẽ	ẽ	ɛ̃	ɛ̃
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ	i
y	y	ï	ɨ
ỳ	à	ɛ̈	ɜ
ỳ	ỳ	ë	ɘ
ỹ	ỹ	ï̃	ɨ̃
ỹ	ã	ɛ̈̃	ɜ̃
o	o	ɔ	ɔ
ö	ô	o	o
ö	u	u	u
õ	õ	ɔ̃	ɔ̃
ũ	ũ	ũ	u

Orthography	Oliveira	UTS
p	p	p
m	b, m	ⁿb, m
w	v	v
t	t	t
n	d, n	ⁿd, n
r	r	ɾ
x	č	č
nh	j̆, ɲ	ⁿǯ, ɲ
j	j	j
k	k	k
g	g	ⁿg, ŋ
h	ʔ	ʔ
a	a	a
à	ʌ, ǝ	ʌ
ỳ	ɘ	ɘ
y	ɨ	ɨ
e	ɛ	ɛ
ê	e	e
i	i	i
o	ɔ	ɔ
ô	o	o
u	u	u
ã	ã, ǝ̃	ã, ʌ̃
ỹ	ɨ̃	ɨ̃
ẽ	ẽ	ɛ̃
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ
õ	õ	ɔ̃
ũ	ũ	ũ

Orthography	UTS
p	p
mb	ⁿb
mbr	ⁿbɺ
mV	mṼ
mrV	mɺṼ
w	w
t	t
th	tʰ
nd	ⁿd
nV	nṼ
r	ɺ, ɾ
tx	ȶ
s	s
j	y
nhV	ɲṼ
k	k
kh	kʰ
kr	kɹ
ng	ⁿg, ŋ
ngr	ⁿgɹ, ŋɹ
h	h
hr	hɺ
a	a
á	ɜ
â	ɘ
y	ɨ
e	ɛ
ê	e
i	i
o	ɔ
ô	o
u	u
ã	ã, ɘ̃
ẽ	ɛ̃
ĩ	ĩ
õ	ɔ̃
ũ	ũ

Orthography	Dourado	UTS
p, pp	p	p, pp
m	m	m
w	w	w
t, tt	t	t, tt
n	n, -N	n, -ŋ
VnC	ṼC	VⁿC
s, ss	s	s
r	ɾ	ɾ
j	j	y
k, kk	k	k, kk
h	h	h
a	a	a
â	ǝ	ʌ
y	ɨ	ɨ
o	ɔ	ɔ
ô	o	o
u	u, w	u, w
e	ɛ	ɛ
ê	e	e
i	i, j	i, y
ã	ã	ʌ̃
ỹ	ɨ̃	ɨ̃
õ	õ	ɔ̃
ũ	ũ	ũ
ẽ	ẽ	ɛ̃
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ

Hall et al. 1987	Estevam 2011	Lachnitt 1987	UTS
p	p	p	p
b	b	b	b
m	m	m	m
w	w	w	w
t	t	t	t
d	d	d	d
n	n	n	n
r	r	r	ɾ
s	s	ts	c
z	z	dz	ʒ
nh	ñ	nh	ɲ
h	h	h	h
ʼ	ʔ	ʼ	ʔ
a	a	a	a
é	é	é	ɛ
e	e	e	e
i	i	i	i
o	o	o	ɔ
ô	ô	ô	o
u	u	u	u
â	ö	ö	ǝ
y	u	y	ɨ
ã, a	ã, a	ã, a	ǝ̃
ẽ, e	ẽ, e	ẽ, e	ɛ̃
ĩ, i	ĩ, i	ĩ, i	ĩ
õ, o	õ, o	õ, o	ɔ̃

Orthography	Sousa 2008	Sousa Filho 2007	UTS
p	p	p	p
b	b	b	b
m	m	m	m
w	w	w	w
t	t	t	t
d	d	d	d
n	n	n	n
r	ɾ	r	ɾ
s	s	s	s
z	z	z	z
k	k	k	k
h	h	h	h
a	a	a	a
â	ǝ	ɨ	ǝ
û	ǝ	ɨ	ɨ
e	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
ê	e	e	e
i	i	i	i
i	j	j	y
o	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
ô	o	o	o
u	u	u	u
ã	ǝ̃	ǝ̃	ǝ̃
ẽ	ẽ	ẽ	ẽ
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ	ĩ
õ	õ	õ	õ
ũ	ũ	ũ	ũ

Orthography	Jolkesky	UTS
p	p	p
b	m	ⁿb
m	m	m, bⁿ
v	v	v
t	t	t
d	n	ⁿd
n	n	n, dⁿ
l	l	l
z	θ	ð
tx	c	č
dj	ɲ	ⁿǯ
nh	ɲ	ɲ, y
j	j	y, ɲ
k, gk	k	k
g, gg	ŋ	ⁿg, ŋ, gⁿ
h	h	h
a	ɑ	a
á	ɤ	ǝ
y	ɯ	ɨ
ó	ɔ	ɔ
o	o	o
u	u	u
é	ɛ	ɛ
e	e	e
i	i	i
ã	ɑ̃	ã
ỹ	ɯ̃	ɨ̃
õ	ɔ̃	ɔ̃
ũ	ũ	ũ
ẽ	ɛ̃	ɛ̃
ĩ	ĩ	ĩ

Orthography	Phonology	UTS (Central)	UTS (Paraná)	UTS (SP)
p	p	p	p	p
m (oral)	m	ⁿb-, -bⁿ	ⁿb-, -bⁿ, -bⁿb-, bT	ⁿb-, -bⁿ
m (nasal)	m	m	m, bT	m, m^pT
f	ɸ	f	ɸ	ɸ
v (oral)	w	v-, -w	w, -wV	w
v (nasal)	w	ɱ-, -w	w, -wṼ	w, -wṼ̆
t	t	t	t	t
n (oral)	n	ⁿd-, -dⁿ	ⁿd-, -dⁿ, -dⁿd-, dT	ⁿd-, -dⁿ
n (nasal)	n	n	n, dT	n, n^tT
r (oral)	ɾ	ɻ	Vɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾV	ʔǝɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾV̆
r (nasal)	ɾ	ɻ	Ṽɹ-, Cɹ, -ɹṼ	ʔǝɾ-, Cɾ, -ɾṼ̆
s	c	š	š	(^y)č
nh (oral)	ɲ	ⁿg-, -yⁿ	ⁿȡ-, -ȡⁿ, -ȡⁿȡ-, ȡT	ⁿȡ-, -(^y)ȡⁿ
nh (nasal)	ɲ	ɲ	ɲ, ȡT	(^y)ɲ, (^y)ɲ^čT
j	j	y	y, -yV	yV, VyV̆
g (oral)	ŋ	ⁿg-, -gⁿ	ⁿg-, -gⁿ, -gⁿg-, gT	ⁿg-, -gⁿ
g (nasal)	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ, kT	ŋ, ŋ^kT
ʼ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ	ʔ
h	h	x	h	h