Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ru

Meaning: mountain

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: WK *ru

Proto-Bahnaric: WB *ru

Proto-Vietic: *ru, b-

Proto-Palaungic: Pr si brɔ.B V?

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ru

Meaning: mountain

Presyllable: bʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ru

Proto-East Katuic: LKA ʔarus E?

References: TK1.35

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ru

Meaning: mountain

Presyllable: bʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

So: bru:.N

So meaning: (TL)

Bru: bru:.N

Bru meaning: (TL)

Sou: bru

Kui: bru:.N

Kui meaning: mountain

Kuay: bru:.N

Kuay meaning: mountain

Ngeu: blu:.B

Ngeu meaning: mountain

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ru

Meaning: mountain, forest

Presyllable: bǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ru, bǝ-

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ru, bǝ-

Meaning: mountain, forest

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: bru:

Jaru meaning: mountain

Juk: bru:

Nhaheung form: bruo V?

Nhaheung meaning: hill, mound

Other WB languages: OI, CHG bru: mountain

References: JS-690b, TB1.42

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *ruʔ, m-

Meaning: forest

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: rú

Vietnamese meaning: forest

Muong dialect: khu.5

Nguon dialect (2): ru.3

Phong: phlu.3

Arem: brawʔ

Proto-Ruc: *ru.3, b-

Ruc (Russian field rec.): bru:.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): bru:.3

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): bru:.5

Ruc meaning: forest

Thavung-So: phu:.1

Thavung-So meaning: mountain; mahi:.1 jungle

Notes: F-97: *m-ru:ʔ

References: NTF79, NVL156

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *rU

Meaning: mountain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *bǝru

Austroasiatic meaning: mountain

Munda parallels: M. buru

Proto-Austronesian: *oro

Austronesian meaning: mountain, hill

Austronesian code: 16:4

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRCV

Meaning : to get up

Sino-Caucasian : *HĕrsṭV́

Notes : So far attested only in SC. ? Cf. MY *CU 'stand'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HĕrsṭV́

Meaning: to get up

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Hĕrc̣V-

Yenisseian: *ta(ʔ)(s)-

Burushaski: *ca-

Basque: *e=aśV

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hĕrc̣V-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to stand up, to raise

Proto-Nakh: *l-abc̣-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ħirc̣-

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɔc̣- (~-u-,-ü-)

Proto-Lak: =a=c̣a-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Class prefixation in Lak. and Tsezian is probably secondary (cf. the prefixless structure *ħirc̣- in PA). PN *-b- is a former aspective (plural) marker.

    The root *Hĕrc̣V- has a parallel in HU *asχ- ( < *arc- with a typical HU development): Hurr. ašχ- 'to raise; endow', ašχu/o 'high, upper', Ur. ašχ- 'to endow' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 47).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *l-abc̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lean upon a staff while stepping

Chechen: l-owz-

Comments: Isolated in Chech., but obviously archaic. Length of vowel is determined by forms like lewz-ira, lewz-ina. There exists also a durative stem līz- < *l-ēbc̣-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ħirc̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stand up 2 raise 3 high

Andian language: hirc̣i 3, hirc̣- 1

Akhvakh: heč̣- 1,2, heč̣eda 3

Chamalal: hec̣u-b 3, hec̣- 2

Tindi: hec̣u-b 3

Karata: herc̣o-b 3

Botlikh: hirc̣i 3

Bagvalal: hec̣u-b 3

Godoberi: hic̣i 3

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. hinz- 'to stand up', hinzi 'high'. Tind. hec:- 'to stand up (from a sitting position)' is modified from *hec̣- under the influence of heč:- 'to stand up'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ɔc̣- (~-u-,-ü-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stop, detain

Ginukh: =oc̣-era

Comments: A causative formation. Cf. perhaps also (with Ablaut) Bezht. Tlad. -ic̣- in =aʁ-ic̣- 'to stand up'; -oc̣- in =eče-n-oc̣- 'to stand'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =a=c̣a-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stand

Lak form: =a=c̣a-n

Comments: G. pr. =a=c̣u-nu. Cf. Khosr. =a=c̣a-n id.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ta(s)-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to stand up

Ket: taśeŋ⁵; (Донн.) hattǝs "to stand up, rise"; (Castr.) fattes "aufstehen", praet. furdetes, imp. fargetes; há-p-ta, há-vi-ta (Werner 1, 302) 'es steht'

Yug: fattes (Кастр.) , praet. furdetes, imp. fargetes; (Werner 2, 243) tásiŋ, t-fáttes; (Werner 1, 302) fā-p-ta 'es steht', praet. fɔ-b-ɨ́r-ta.

Kottish: fatagākŋ, praet. faltajaŋ, imp. falta

Comments: ССЕ 281. The Ket-Kot comparison is acceptable if Ket -s is a suffix; in its favour speaks the common morphological structure (with the preverb *p(a)-): PY *pa-ta(s)-. The Ket-Yug form may represent an old compound of verbal stems: *ta- + *hVs- 'to be stood up'. Werner 2, 243 <*t^has->.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ca

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: stand

Yasin: ca-k

Hunza: ca-ṭ, ca

Nagar: ca-ṭ, ca

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=aśV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 lift, raise 2 carry, support, sustain 3 bear, endure 4 bear (fruit) 5 borrow

Bizkaian: jaso, jason 1, 2, (arc) jauso, joso 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: jaso 1, 2

High Navarrese: jaso 1, jasan 2, 3, 4, jasi 2

Low Navarrese: jasan 2, 3

Lapurdian: jaso 1, jasan 2, 3

Baztanese: jasan 2, 3

Zuberoan: jésan 5

Comments: According to Michelena ZBR 'to borrow' is a partial calque from Romance (cf. Catalan manllevar 'to borrow' < manum levare 'raise one's hand [to swear]').

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