East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *lɛj /*laj

Meaning: fruit

Presyllable: gǝr-/ bǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: kulaj

Pakoh meaning: fruit

Taojh: pilɛ:

Taojh meaning: fruit (PT-188)

Lao Katu: pi:lɛ

Lao Katu meaning: fruit

Ngeq: kallaj

Ngeq meaning: fruit

Kri: kallaj

Chatong: palɛ:

Kantu dialects: palej

Triw: palɛ:

Dakkan dialects (1): palɛ:

Dakkan dialects (2): pǝlɛ:

Dakkan meaning: fruit

Katu dialects (1): palɛ

Katu dialects (3): pele:.B

Katu dialects (4): palɛ

Katu meaning: fruit

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *laj / *lɛj

Meaning: fruit

Presyllable: pǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *laj

Proto-East Katuic: *lɛj / *laj

References: P-352; TK4.28

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *laj

Meaning: fruit

Presyllable: pǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: palʌj

Bru Van Keu meaning: fruit

So: palaj

So meaning: (TL)

Bru: plaj.N

Bru meaning: fruit

Sou: plaj

Kui: plǝj.N V?

Kui meaning: fruit

Kuay: plaj.N

Kuay meaning: fruit

Ngeu: plǝj.N

Ngeu meaning: fruit

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *laj

Meaning: fruit

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: pli.A flower of banana < *

Proto-Katuic: *laj / *lɛj

Proto-Bahnaric: *lǝj

Khmer: phle: < OK ple, phle

Proto-Pearic: *li.N

Proto-Vietic: *la:jʔ, p-

Proto-Palaungic: *laiʔ

Proto-Khmu: *leʔ

References: Kh 802

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *lǝ̆j

Meaning: fruit

Presyllable: pǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: plɛ:j

Bahnar meaning: fruit

Proto-North Bahnaric: *lij.L, pǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Harak: palaj

References: PNB-456, SBS-165, TB4.20

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *lij.L, pǝ-

Meaning: fruit

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: pli.L

Rengao meaning: fruit

Jeh form: plaj.T

Jeh meaning: fruit

Sedang form: plaj.L

Sedang meaning: fruit

Hre form: pli.L

Hre meaning: fruit

Didra: pli.L

References: PNB-456, GS-34

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Meaning: fruit

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: plaj

Chrau meaning: fruit

Stieng form: plaj

Stieng meaning: fruit

References: SBS-165

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Meaning: fruit

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: plaj

Jaru meaning: fruit Clf.

Lavi: plaj

Juk: plaj

Nhaheung form: ple:

Nhaheung meaning: fruit

Brao form: plaj

Brao meaning: fruit

References: JS-173

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *laj, pǝ-

Meaning: fruit

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ple:

Kaseng: plaj

Yaeh: plǝj

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *laj, pǝ-

Meaning: fruit

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: palaj

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: phle:

Meaning: fruit

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: ple, phle

Old Khmer Meaning: fruit

Comments: JP derive the word from *le: to come out

References: P335

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *li.N

Meaning: fruit

Presyllable: phǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: phli:.A ʔu:t.A

Chong meaning: fruit

Song: phli:.A

Song meaning: fruit

Kasong: phli:.A nih.A

Kasong meaning: fruit

Samre: phri:.A

Samre meaning: fruit

Suoi Kompong: phlɛ: chǝ:

References: H-452: *pli:

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *lVjʔ, p-

Meaning: fruit

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: trái

Vietnamese meaning: fruit

Muong dialect: tlaj.3

Nguon dialect (1): ṭaj.3

Nguon dialect (2): laj.3

Phong: ple.3

Arem: ʔule:ʔ

Proto-Ruc: *li.3, p-

Ruc (Russian field rec.): puli:.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): puli:.3

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): pǝli:.5

Ruc meaning: fruit

Thavung: phalǝ.3

Notes: F-97: *p-le:ʔ

References: NTF87

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *plaiʔ

Meaning: fruit

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *pliʔ

Proto-Plang: *plaiʔ

Proto-De'ang: *plei

Proto-Angku: *pl[e]ʔ, N-

Lamet: ple:ʔ.1 fruit

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: shoulder

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: plɔŋ.B-taʔ.B

Paraok meaning: arm CHECK

Ava: plaŋ, si-

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *plaiʔ

Meaning: fruit

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: pliʔ.1

Bulang meaning: fruit

Konto: plih.B.2 F??

Konto meaning: fruit

Samtao (Paulsen): pliʔ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: fruit

References: P-55: *plih.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *plei

Meaning: fruit

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: ple

De'ang-1: blɛi

De'ang-2: plâi.2

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *hu:r

Meaning: to blow

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: fur.51

U: fu.1 T??

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *laj

Meaning: fruit

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *laj (cf. *lVj banana)

Austroasiatic meaning: fruit

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *peL.B / *preL.B

Proto-Austronesian: Oc. *mpalai yam

Proto-Thai: pli.A flower of banana; kluaj.C banana

References: Ja 67, Peiros 1998, 156.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRLV

Meaning : nut, fruit

Eurasiatic : (cf. PIE *ar- 'nut')

Sino-Caucasian : *HwV́rƛ̣I

Austric : *(pǝ)laj fruit, banana

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HwV́rƛ̣V

Meaning: nut, seed

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrƛ̣_V ( ~ -ō-,-Ł-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lĭ

Basque: *hur̄

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwǟrƛ̣_V ( ~ -ō-,-Ł-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut

Proto-Nakh: *bʡār(ʎ)a

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣ulV-bVƛ̣:V

Proto-Tsezian: *heƛe A

Proto-West Caucasian: *ĺa

Notes: Correspondences are regular. A possible vestige of this root in PL and PD see under *χäwx_wV.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʡār(ʎ)a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut

Chechen: bʕāra

Ingush: bʕar

Comments: 3d class in both languages. Cf. also Chech. bʕällang, Ing. bʕäring ( *bʡār(ʎ)-li-nVḳ) 'nut-tree'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣ulV-bVƛ̣:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Avar: c̣uláƛ̣:o

Chadakolob: č̣onóƛ̣:-ħonó

Chamalal: c̣ulibeƛ̣:a (Gig)

Tindi: c̣ulaƛ̣:a

Karata: c̣ulaƛ̣:i (Arch.)

Comments: The word is an old compound *c̣ulV 'tree, wood' (q.v.) + *bVƛ̣:V 'nut', as it is clearly seen from the Cham. form (c̣ulibaƛ̣:a in Bokaryov's notation). Kar. (prop.) c̣ulaƛ̣:o is probably a loan from Av. The Av. Chad. form is a secondary compound (with ħonó 'egg'); -n- is a result of dissimilation ( < *c̣oloƛ̣).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *heƛe A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Tsezi: hiƛo-ri

Ginukh: hiƛa-ʁru

Khvarshi: ħeƛe

Bezhta: heƛe

Gunzib: heƛe

Comments: PTsKh *heƛe (cf. also Tsez. hiƛi "nut core"); PGB *heƛe. The forms: Tsez. hiƛori, Gin. hiƛaʁru (cf. also Bezht. Khosh. heƛarʁo "nut") reflect a PTs compound with a not quite clear second part.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ĺa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: nut, walnut

Abkhaz: a-rá

Abaza: ra-sa

Adyghe: da

Kabardian: da

Ubykh: La-q̇́á

Comments: PAT *ra (the Abaz. word means properly "nut-tree", cf. Abkh. a-rasá, Bz. a-raśá 'nut-tree'); PAK *da. Meaning of the component -q̇́a in Ub. is not clear. The correspondence PAT *r : PAK *d : Ub. L points to PWC *ĺ.

    See Schmidt 1950, 19, Kuipers 1963, 59, Shagirov 1, 145.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lĭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fruit, seed

Chinese: 實 *lit fruit (cf. also 犀 *slhǝ̄j 'melon seed')

Tibetan: li apple, sli apple, cherry.

Kachin: li¹, nli¹ seed.

Kiranti: *li (*lej)

Comments: Cf. also notes under *ƛǝ̄j. Cf. STEDT 310-311 *li 'seed' (listing, besides Jingpaw, many forms from Tani, Deng, Naga, Tsangla, Qiang and Tujia).

Chinese characters :

Character: 實

Modern (Beijing) reading: shí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lit

Classic Old Chinese: lit

Western Han Chinese: ljǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Chinese: źit

English meaning : be solid, true; actually, really

Russian meaning[s]: 1) истинный, подлинный, действительный, достоверный; конкретный; реальный; настоящий; факт; поистине, в самом деле; 2) материя; тело; полный, цельный; солидный; 3) мат. делимое, числитель; 4) осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; 5) плод (растения); урожай; доход; обильный; богатства; плоды, результат; 6) Ши (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 富也.從**貫.貫為貨物. [340]

Comments: Used also for *lit 'fruit'; *lit 'be rich'. The three meanings of 實 are probably one and the same word: 'fruit' > 'to be fruitful = rich'; 'to bring fruits > be effective, true'. Viet. has also a colloquial loanword thiệt 'real, genuine'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7989

Karlgren code: 0398 a-c

Vietnamese reading: thật

Shijing occurrences: 6.2_, 20.1, 20.2, 27.4, 28.3, 33.2, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 45.1, 45.2

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1804

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 實

MC description : 臻開三入質船

ZIHUI: 1395 0495

Beijing: ṣî_ 12

Jinan: ṣî_ 12

Xi'an: ṣî_ 12

Taiyuan: sǝʔ 42

Hankou: si_ 12

Chengdu: si_ 12

Yangzhou: sǝʔ 4

Suzhou: zôʔ 42

Wenzhou: zai 42

Changsha: ṣî_ 4

Shuangfeng: ṣî_ 31

Nanchang: sǝt 41

Meixian: sǝt 42

Guangzhou: šat 42

Xiamen: sit 42

Chaozhou: sik 41

Fuzhou: siʔ 42

Shanghai: zaʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: ši 41

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *li (*lej)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: to plant

Tulung: khli-

Kulung: leima

Comments: Toba 94 *(kh)li-.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: leima

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt-5 [1: let- 2: lett- 3: lei- 4: len- 5: le:-]

Meaning: plant, pour out

Nepali: ropnu, khanyāunu.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *hur̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hazelnut 2 hazel tree 3 walnut

Araban: unsaur 3

Bizkaian: ur 1, urratx, urretx 2, intxaur 3, (arc) ynsaur 3

Gipuzkoan: ur 1, urritz 2, intxaur 3

High Navarrese: ur 1, urritz 2

Low Navarrese: hur 1, eltzaur 3

Salazarese: urrutx 2, giltzagur 3

Lapurdian: hur 1, urritz 2, eltzaur 3

Baztanese: ur 1, urritz 2

Aezkoan: etxabur 3

Zuberoan: hür 1, ǘrrütx 2, intzáur 3

Roncalese: ũr 1, (Uztárroz) urratze 2, (Vidángoz) urrutx 2, etzagur, itzagur 3

Comments: Cf. PNC *ʔwōrƛ̣_V 'nut'; the same comparison as Bouda (1948). Words for 'hazel tree' are compounds of *hur̄ + *haice 'tree' (q.v.); words for 'walnut' from an obscure first element + *hur̄. The last may also denote other types of nut (see Azkue under INTS̃AUR).

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