Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *soŋ

Meaning: bitter

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *soŋ

Proto-Plang: *sɔŋ

Proto-De'ang: *saŋ; *sɔ:ŋ

Riang: câŋ.1

Riang meaning: bitter

Proto-Angku: *ṣaŋ

Lamet: caŋ.1 bitter

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: bitter

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: soŋ

Paraok meaning: bitter

Wa: soŋ

Wa meaning: bitter

Ava: sɔŋ

Lawa: sɔŋ

Lawa meaning: bitter

Um: sɔŋ

Wa (dial.): soŋ.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: bitter

References: D-133: *sâŋ

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *sɔŋ

Meaning: bitter

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: soŋ.2

Bulang meaning: bitter

Konto: sɔŋ.1

Konto meaning: bitter

Samtao (Paulsen): soŋ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: bitter

Samtao (Diffloth): sɔŋ.1

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: bitter

References: P-455: *soŋ.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *saŋ; *sɔ:ŋ

Meaning: bitter

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: saŋ

De'ang-1: sɔ:ŋ

De'ang-2: sɔ:ŋ.2

Rumai: kǝ.1 saŋ.3 bile

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *ṣaŋ

Meaning: bitter

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: chak.55

Gantang: ṣak.55

U: saʔ.2

Hu: saŋ.1

References: WW-708; S-114

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVŋ

Meaning: bitter

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: *caŋ

Proto-Palaungic: *soŋ V?

Proto-Khmu: *caŋ

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔcVʔń

Meaning: salty, bitter

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: cVŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: bitter

Proto-Austronesian: *qasiN

Austronesian meaning: saltiness, salty taste

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMV

Meaning : smear; fat

Eurasiatic : *ć`ämV

Afroasiatic : *sim-an- ~ *sin-am- (cf. also Sem. *šVmāχ- 'intestine, spleen'; *ŝaħm- 'fat')

Sino-Caucasian : *cwä̆́jŋĕ (cf. also *sḗħmV intestine, vein')

Austric : PAA *cVŋ 'bitter', PAN *qasiN 'saltiness, salty taste'

Reference : ND 303, 454, 2063; Sag 22 (Chin.-AN). obviously several roots that are to be sorted out. Cf. also Ainu *sanpe 'heart'.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *cwVHmV

Meaning: smear

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *smē- (cf. also *saim- 'thick liquid')

Altaic: *seme (-a)

Uralic: (cf. *čamče 'Hautschicht')

Kartvelian: *cem- (cf. also *ćxim-)

Dravidian: Tel. camuru 'oil' (if distinct from *Savar-)

References: МССНЯ 348; ND 303*ć[o]m(')V 'to smear' (Kartv.-IE + Bj., Bl.?); ND 454 *ĉiχmV 'fat' (Kartv. + Alt. *č`īme 'bone, marrow (bone)?); 2063 *s̄ämi 'fat' (Tel. + Alt. + SH); 2072 *SämirV 'fat, grease' (? Turk. + IE *smer- which is also in *mVjrV).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *smā-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to oil

Old Greek: smáō, -omai̯, aor. smǟ́sai̯, -sasthai̯ `(ab)reiben, abwischen', md. auch `sich einreiben, salben'; smǟ̂ma n. `Reinigungsmittel, Seife, Salbe'; smǟ́khō = smáō; smṓkhō `zerreiben, zermalmen'

Latin: macula f. `Fleck, Flecken, Mal, Schandfleck, Makel; Masche in Geweben und Gespinsten'

Russ. meaning: мазать

References: WP II 685 f

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sĕme (-a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fat

Russian meaning: жир

Turkic: *semiŕ

Mongolian: *semǯi

Tungus-Manchu: *semesik

Korean: *sam

Comments: EAS 71, KW 323, Poppe 29, Дыбо 14. It is interesting to note OJ same-nuri 'a way of applying varnish' (if same- here is not = sama- 'to fade'). Despite Poppe 1974, 120, *-ǯi in Mong. is a quite common suffix (see Poppe 1973, 234) and the Mong. form can hardly be regarded as borrowed < Turkic (Clark 1980, 39 says that the case "defies explanation" (as a borrowing); likewise, the TM forms are difficult to explain as borrowed < Mong.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *semiŕ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 fat (adj.) 2 fat (n.) 3 fatten

Russian meaning: 1 жирный 2 жир 3 жирнеть, тучнеть

Old Turkic: semiz 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: semiz (MK) 1

Turkish: semiz 1

Tatar: simɨz 1

Middle Turkic: semiz 1 (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: semiz 1

Uighur: semiz 1

Sary-Yughur: semiz 1

Azerbaidzhan: sämiz- 3

Turkmen: semiz 1

Khakassian: simis 1

Oyrat: semis 1

Chuvash: samъr 1

Yakut: emis 1

Dolgan: emis 1

Tuva: semis 1

Tofalar: semis 1

Kirghiz: semiz 1

Kazakh: semiz

Noghai: semiz 1

Bashkir: himiz 1

Balkar: semiz 1, 2

Karaim: semiz 1

Karakalpak: semiz 1

Salar: semüs 2

Kumyk: semiz 1, 2

Comments: EDT 830, VEWT 409, ЭСТЯ 7, Stachowski 45. A common Turkic derivative is *semri- / *semir- 'to become fat', see EDT ibid., ЭСТЯ 7.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *semǯi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: inner fat, fat on liver

Russian meaning: внутренний жир, жир на печени

Written Mongolian: semǯi (L 687: semeǯe, semeǯi(n))

Middle Mongolian: simeǯi (MA 320)

Khalkha: semǯ

Buriat: hemže

Kalmuck: semǯṇ

Ordos: semeǯi(n)

Comments: KW 323. Mong. > Man. semeǯen, see Rozycki 178 (but not > semsu, TM *semesik).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *semesik

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: inner fat

Russian meaning: нутряной жир, сальник

Evenki: semesik

Even: hemehъk

Negidal: semesix

Literary Manchu: semsu

Comments: ТМС 2, 142.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sam

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: placenta, caul

Russian meaning: плацента, оболочка плода

Modern Korean: sam

Comments: KED 901.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 98

Proto: *čamče

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: skin layer

German meaning: Hautschicht

Saam (Lapp): cuoʒ'ʒå -ʒʒ- (N) 'membrane; fleshy fibres on the inner side of the skin', tsuoddsa (L) 'Häutchen (im allg.); Häutchen, Membran (eines animalischen Bindegewebes)', tsŭŏD̀ts^A (Ko. Not.), t́š́i̮m^dts^(A) (T.), tsùn̄^dts^(A) 'dünnes Häutchen (das man von der Fleischseite einer Haut abschabt)' ( > Finn. dial. sontu 'Häutchen')

Khanty (Ostyak): čuṇč (Trj.) 'Lederhaut (des Felles), untere Haut des Felles, das Fleisch bedeckende Haut', sus (O) id.

Sammalahti's version: *conci

References: FUV; DEWO 285; Coll.CompGr. 146, 397

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *cem-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: мазать

English meaning: to smear

Georgian: cm-; cm-el- 'fat (n.)'; com- 'dough'

Megrel: cimu-, cǝmu-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): накипь; com- 'тесто'

Megrel meaning (Eng.): deposition; com- 'dough'

Svan: cm-, cwm- 'to smear'; cemil 'fat (n.)'

Laz: cimu-luɣ-

Laz meaning (Rus.): спелый инжир; (n)com- 'тесто'

Laz meaning (Eng.): ripe fig; (n)com- 'dough'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 225; EWK 446. Ностратические параллели: ПИЕ *sme(i)- 'мазать', алт. *semV 'жир' (см. МССНЯ 348 *[sä]mV).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sim-an- ~ *sin-am-

Meaning: oil, fat, (fat) milk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *šam(-an)- 'fat, oil'

Berber: *-sim(-an)- '(liquid) fat, milk'

Egyptian: smy (med.) 'fat milk, cream'

Western Chadic: *sin(-am)- 'oil'

Central Chadic: (?) *sVmVn- 'thick'

East Chadic: *siwan- (<*siman-?) 'oil' 1, 'melted butter/oil' 2, 'fat' (n.) 3, 'fat' (adj.) 4

Warazi (Dullay): *šinam- 'butter' 1, 'fat' 2

Notes: Cf. SED 248; Bla Review 505. Cf. *sibin- 'oil, butter' (2853).

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2205

Proto-Semitic: *šam(a)n- {} *sam(a)n-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: fat (also oil)

Akkadian: šamnu (NA also šamanu) 'oil, fat' OB on [CAD š1 321], [AHw 1157]

Ugaritic: šmn 'Ol (ö), Fette' [Aist 309]

Phoenician: šmn 'oil' [T 323]

Hebrew: šämän 'Fett, Oe:l' [KB deutsch 1449].

    Cf. šāmān 'fette Gegenden, Fettgebilde' [ibid.])

Aramaic: OFF PLM šmn 'oil' [HJ 1163]

Judaic Aramaic: šǝman (šumnā) 'fat' [Ja 1536, 1597]; šwmn 'fat' [Sok 541]

Syrian Aramaic: šumnā 'pinguedo' [Brock 786]

Modern Aramaic: MAL šomna 'Butter' [Berg 91] MMND šamīna 'fat (a.), stout' [M MND 502, 521]

Mandaic Aramaic: šamina, šumna 'fat' [DM 443, 455]

Arabic: samn- 'graisse' [BK 1 1143].

    smn 'être gras et replet' [ibid.]

Jibbali: šɛ̃n 'fat, fatness' [JJ 262] (<*šVmn-)

Notes: Likely <*šam- {} *sam-, with the -Vn suffix, cf. AFRASIAN. In this connection, also note UGR šmt 'Fleishfetzen' [ibid. 311] compared by [Gordon 492]. Unless from *šaman-t-u (>*šamattu, an assimilation -nt- > -tt- being quite common in UGR), it may be from *šam- {} *sam-. The comparison, however, is questionable semantically; the UGR term is better compatible with EGYP (18 DYN) sms 'Fleischstück vom Rind' [EG IV 141] (<*smsm ?).

    See -u in part of ARM forms likely to be due to m.

    [Fron 42] (*šamn- 'grasso' /ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [KB deutsch 1449]: HBR, ARM, PHO, UGR, AKK, ARB; [Brock 786]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *-sim(-an)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: '(liquid) fat, milk'

Ghat: isim 'graisse (de tout animal) Neh 165

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): ésim 'graisse fondu' F 1835

Tawllemmet: ē-šim 'liquid fat; broth'

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): t_a-ssǝm-t_ 'graisse animal' Dal 778

Canarian: Ferro achemen 'milk'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: smy (med.)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'fette Milch, Sahne'

Notes: EG IV 130

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *sin(-am)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'oil' 1, 'grease' 2

Warji: šivena 1

Diri: sinama 1 [SkNb]

Jimi: sin 1 [Cs]

Notes: reflexes in Tangale are regular, cf. also Jimi sin 'oil' [Cs]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *sVmVn- (?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'thick'

Logone: s'ǝmǝn [LLog]

Notes: Semantically problematic.

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *siwan- (<*siman-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'oil' 1, 'melted butter/oil' 2, 'fat' (n.) 3, 'fat' (adj.) 4

Somrai: swānī 1 [Jg] , sṓane 2 [Lk: 81]

Tumak: hɔ̄ɔ̄n 1, 3 [Cp]

Ndam: swāń 1 [JgD]

Lele: sòn-gò 1 [Grg]

Kabalai: sùwǝ̀n-gǝ̀ 1, 3 [Cp]

Kera: sɔn 1, 3 [Eb]

Kwang: súwāné 1 [Jg]

Mobu (dial. Kwang): sùwánè 1 [Jg]

Migama: séwén 1 [JMig]

Bidiya: sɛ́wɛ́ŋ 3

Mubi: síwín 3 [Lk: 147] 1 [CLR: 261]

Birgit: séwèn 1 [CLR: 261]

Sokoro: súnu 1 [CLR: 261] , súnē 4 [Lk: 43]

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *šinam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'butter' 1, 'fat' 2

Gawwada (Gawata): Dalpena šiinán-ko, pl. šiinam-aane 1

Gollango (Wellango): šiinan-ko, pl. šinam-aane 2

Notes: Amb et al

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *cwä̆́jŋĕ

Meaning: liver; gall

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *c_wä̆jmĕ

Sino-Tibetan: *sĭn (? *sĭŋ)

Yenisseian: *seŋ

Burushaski: *-sán

Basque: *-sum(a)

Comments and references : HGC 20, WFR 79, LV A7, LDC 18. Irregular absence of -ʔ- in PY.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c_wä̆jmĕ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall; anger

Proto-Nakh: *stim

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *s:imi

Proto-Tsezian: *s:ɨmǝ A

Proto-Lak: s:i

Proto-Dargwa: *sumi

Proto-Lezghian: *s:äm:a

Proto-West Caucasian: *ž́ʷǝ

Notes: Correspondences are regular. In most languages the root combines the meanings "gall" and "anger", so they must have existed simultaneously already in PNC.

    Abdokov (1983, 84) compares the EC forms with PWC *ca 'to burn', which is not plausible for both phonetic and semantic reasons (see PNC *=ĕrc_Ă).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *stim

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall

Chechen: stim

Ingush: sim

Batsbi: sem

Comments: Obl. base *stima- (Chech. stima-, Ing. simo); 5th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *s:imi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall; anger

Avar: c:in

Chadakolob: cim

Andian language: s:im

Akhvakh: s:imi

Chamalal: s:im

Tindi: s:imi

Karata: s:ime

Botlikh: s:imi

Bagvalal: s:im

Godoberi: s:imi

Comments: Av. paradigm B or C (gen. c:i-dá-l, Chad. cimí-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *s:ɨmǝ A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall

Tsezi: semi (Kid.)

Ginukh: seme

Khvarshi: semi (Radzhibov)

Bezhta: simo (Tlad., Khosh.)

Gunzib: sɨmi (Nakh., Gunz.)

Comments: PTsKh *sɨmǝ (~-i); PGB *sɨmV. Inkh. sime 'gall' is an Andian loan (otherwise *sɨmo would be expected); cf. also Gin. cim 'anger' < Av.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: s:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall; anger

Lak form: s:i

Comments: Cf. Khosr. s:i id. The Lak. word also means 'rust', which is probably a secondary semantic development (but cf. Av. Andal. /cited from Mikailov 1959/ suʔi 'rust' - perhaps a historically different root?).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *sumi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall, anger

Akusha: himi

Chiragh: sume

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Muir. himi, Sirg. simi, Kub. time id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *s:äm:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gall

Lezghian: seb

Tabasaran: seb

Agul: seb

Rutul: seb (Shin.)

Archi: s:am

Comment: Cf. Lezg. pl. sep:-erar, Lezg. Khl. seb (sep:-erar) "abuse", Tab. Kand. sib 'gall', Düb. s:iw 'gall bladder', Ag. Bursh. sew (probably a misspelling instead of *s:ew); Rut. säb 'gall secreted while vomiting'. 3d class in Rut. and Arch.; obl. base *s:äm:ä- (cf. Ag. sebi-, Rut. sä́bä-).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ž́ʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 anger 2 hidden anger, malice 3 revenge

Abaza: gʷǝ-žʷ 2

Adyghe: gʷǝħa-gʷǝ-ź 1

Kabardian: gʷǝ-ź-ʁaź 2

Ubykh: ǵǝ-žʷ 3

Comments: The root is attested only in an old compound with *ǵʷǝ 'heart'. Cf. also Ab. gʷǝžʷ-ḳ 'anger'. In Abkh. we have a-gʷǝ-pž̌á-ra 'anger, resentment' which is obviously a later contamination of the same stem with Abkh. a-pž̌a-rá 'to tear asunder'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sĭn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: liver

Chinese: 辛 *sin bitter, pungent.

Tibetan: mćhin the liver.

Burmese: sańh the liver, LB *[s]iŋh.

Kachin: mǝsin² the liver; heart.

Lushai: thin the liver, the heart, KC *m-thin.

Kiranti: *seŋ

Comments: Kanauri śinʔ; Rgyarung -bśi; Mikir iŋthin; Rawang phǝśin, Trung pǝ-čin¹ the liver; Magari mi-sin; Chepang sinh; Kham seN^L. Sh. 52; Ben. 55; Mat. 181; Coblin 44.

Chinese characters :

Character: 辛

Modern (Beijing) reading: xīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: sin

Classic Old Chinese: sin

Western Han Chinese: sjǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: sjǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Late Postclassic Chinese: sjin

Middle Chinese: sjin

Fanqie: 西因

Rhyme class: 真

English meaning : the 8th of the Heavenly Stems

Russian meaning[s]: 1) горький, терпкий; острый; 2) удручающий, тяжелый, скорбный; тяжело трудиться; 3) восьмой циклический знак десятеричного цикла; восьмой; 4) Синь (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 秋時萬物成而孰. 金剛味辛. 辛痛即泣出. 從一. 從[辛]. [辛]罪也. 辛承庚象人股. 凡辛之屬皆從辛.

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *sin 'be bitter, pungent, painful'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 160

Four-angle index: 2405

Karlgren code: 0382 a-f

Jianchuan Bai: ćhĩ4

Dali Bai: ćhi4

Bijiang Bai: chẽ4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 461

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 辛

MC description : 臻開三平真心

ZIHUI: 6580 2136

Beijing: śin 11

Jinan: śiẽ 11

Xi'an: śiẽ 11

Taiyuan: śiŋ 1

Hankou: śin 11

Chengdu: śin 11

Yangzhou: śĩ 11

Suzhou: sin 11

Wenzhou: saŋ 11

Changsha: sin 11

Shuangfeng: śin 11

Nanchang: śin 11

Meixian: sin 11

Guangzhou: šan 11

Xiamen: sin 11

Chaozhou: siŋ 11

Fuzhou: siŋ 11

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *seŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: kidney, liver

Limbu: seŋ kidney

Comments: Cf. also *sä̀ʔpók (<*sèŋ-ʔpók ?) bladder > Kal. säphu, Tul. sāpu, sapu (Toba 87 *säphu); L sāpɔk stomach.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *seŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: liver

Ket: śēŋ, pl. śɛŋǝn⁵; śénan, śéŋnan 'stomach' (Werner 2, 189-190)

Yug: seŋ, pl. sɛŋɨn⁵; séńńan 'stomach' (Werner 2, 189-190)

Comments: ССЕ 272. The word for "heart" in Kott. and Arin possibly reflects a compound *seŋ + *tVp-, lit. "liver" + "spleen": cf. Kott. šitap, Ass. šitábu (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.), Ar. šenóugbu (М., Сл., Кл., Срсл.), šenebo (Лоск.); a similar origin may be also suggested for Ket śɛ́rap, MKet. śɛ̀dáp (Werner 2, 186) 'Bauchspeicheldrüse; Milz'. Werner's analysis of -p(u), -bu in these compounds as *pu 'belly' is less plausible because it does not explain the first part of compund (šita-, šene-). See Werner 2, 190 (connecting also Kott. šičil, Ar. sal - on which see *sisa(l)-), 1, 332.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *sán

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: spleen

Yasin: -sán

Hunza: -sán

Nagar: -sán

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *beHa-sun

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bile, gall; hatred, bitterness 2 gall bladder (of fish) 3 affliction, woe, anguish

Bizkaian: beaztun 1, (Bermeo) 2

Gipuzkoan: beazun 1

Low Navarrese: behazun 1

Lapurdian: beazuma 1, (arc) behazune 3

Comments: The segment *beHa- appears to be an old word, perhaps *beHe 'liver': cf. PST *phe ‘spleen’ (Thankur =pǝy ‘liver’, etc.); PY *b[a]jbVl ‘kidney’ could be a similar compound < *b[a]j-pɨʔɨĺ (second element = *pɨʔɨĺ ‘intestines’).

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