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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong:
Meaning: see
Thavung-So: nɛh.1
Thavung: nah
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-so,vimet-tha,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: nVh
Meaning: see
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-vim,aaet-asli,
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Aslian etymology :
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Proto-Aslian:
Meaning: see
Temiar: nɛ:h
asliet-prnum,asliet-meaning,asliet-tmi,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *nVʔ
Meaning: think
Austroasiatic meaning: see
Proto-Austronesian: *henaq
Austronesian meaning: think, consider; thought, idea
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVNV
Meaning : see, eye
Sino-Caucasian : Cf. ST *ŋāj 'look, stare' or *n[ɨă] 'think'?
Amerind (misc.) : *hin (R 236) [+ A], *yan (R 237) 'eye; see', *neu 'see' (R 608) [+ A K], *win 'see' (R 608) [+ A] African (misc.) : Bantu *-yén- 'see'.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-afr,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ʔVnjV
Meaning: to see, eye
Kartvelian: Georg. naχ- to see, find
Comments: (PU *wanV = PD *uṇṇ = Nivkh. *waŋ- 'search; eye')
References: ND 138 *ʡoyn̄V (compares rather Mong. ojun 'mind' and distinguishes between *ʡoyn̄V and *ń[e]χa); 1631 *ń[e]χa 'to see', partially also 1629 *ńo(ʕ)wV 'to hunt, pursue'. A lot of confusion that has to be sorted out. [For Mong. *ojun cf. PU *wOjV 'see, find etc.' ?] nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ney-
Meaning: to shine, to sparkle
Old Indian: nayanā̆- n. f. `eye', nētra- n. id.
Latin: niteō, -ēre, -uī `glänzen, blinken, strahlen, prangen', nitidus, -a `glänzend, gleissend, wohlgenährt, schmuck'; renīdēre `zurückstrahlen, glänzen, schimmern, lächeln'
Celtic: *neimā, *neim- > MIr niam `Glanz, glänzender Schmuck', niamde `glänzend'; Cymr nwyf `Lebhaftigkeit', nwyfiant `Glanz, Gewalt', nwyfo `lebendig werden'
Russ. meaning: сверкать, сиять
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1362
Root: nei-2, neiǝ- : nī-
English meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine
German meaning: `lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glänzen'
Derivatives: noi-bho- `gut, heilig'; kelto-germ. nei-to-, nī-tu- `Leidenschaft'
Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre `glänze, strahle', nitidus `glänzend', nitor `Glanz' (von einem Partiz. *ni-tó-); vielleicht re-nīdeō `erglänzen' (mit präsensbildendem -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in mir. nīab `Lebenskraft', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in apers. naiba-, npers. nēw `schön, gut', air. noīb `heilig'; *nei-mā in mir. nīam `Glanz, Schönheit'; *nei-ko- in mir. nīach m. `Held', nīachus m. `Tapferkeit'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `Leidenschaft', hispan. Kriegsgott Nētō; air. PN Nīall (Gen.Nēill) aus *neit-s-lo-s; steckt vielleicht auch in air. nīa `Held' (s. nei-1); germ. *nīþa- in got. neiþ n. `Neid', ags. nīð m. `Kampf, Haß, Feindschaft', as. afries. nīth `Eifer, Haß, Neid', aisl. nīð `Hohn, Schmach'; könnten auch zu air. nīth n. (idg. *nītu-) `Kampf' gehören; zweifelhaft ai. nīla- `schwarzblau', nayanā̆- n. f. `Auge', nētra- n. ds.
References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.
Pages: 760
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-derivative,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ni̯ā̀
Meaning: eye
Russian meaning: глаз
Comments: EAS 77, Poppe 39, Menges 1984, 281, Street 1980, 300-301, АПиПЯЯ 30-31, 78, 87, 275. For the Turkic form cf. Mong. *ni-l-mu-sun (KW 281; Владимирцов 146), ТМ *(i)ńa-mū-, MKor. nún-mɨ́r, PJ *na-mi(n)tV 'tear' < PA *ńi̯ā(ĺ)-mi̯ūri 'water of the eye'. PT irregularly preserves length here: it is probably due to the influence of other homophonic and synonymic roots. Jpn. *m- here deserves special comment. It is a usual reflex of *ń- or *ŋi̯-, but none can be safely reconstructed here (not *ń- because of Mong. ni-dün, not *ŋi̯- because of TM *ńia-sa). One may note, however, that Jpn. has n- in *na-mi(n)tV 'tear', and perhaps also in the old deverbative OJ niram- (also *nia-m- > nem-) 'to glare at, keep an eye on' = Kor. nori- 'to have an eye upon' = TM *ńia-ru- 'to stare' (ТМС 1, 291) = Karakh. jeze- (EDT 985, TMN 4, 163) 'to patrol, keep an eye on' < PA *ni̯ā-ŕV. One can also pay attention to the nasal suffix present in Kor. nu-n and Jpn. *mai(N); it may suggest that we are actually dealing with reflexes of an archaic suffixed form *ni̯a-ŋ(V), the velar in which also can account for some unexpected TM forms: Jurch. ŋia-ĉi and Nan. dial. ŋasar ( < *ŋia-sa < *ńiaŋ-sa). Japanese may have had a similar assimilation (*ma-iN < *ŋi̯a-ŋ < *ni̯a-ŋ), while the suffixless form is preserved in a compound (*na-mi(n)ta < *ni̯a) and a derived verb (niram-). Cf. also KBalk. ǯalamuq 'tear' (probably < Bulg., reflecting a trace of the original compound in PTurk.). Traces of *-ĺ- in some forms (Turk. *jāĺ, Mong. *nil-mu-sun) may reflect a distinct root, preserved in Mong. *naliqa 'wing-like membrane, corner of the eye', as well as nilma / milma 'pupil of the eye'. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jāĺ
Meaning: tear
Russian meaning: слеза
Old Turkic: jaš (OUygh.)
Turkish: jaš
Tatar: jɛš
Uzbek: jɔš
Uighur: jaš
Sary-Yughur: jas
Azerbaidzhan: jaš
Turkmen: jāš
Khakassian: čas
Oyrat: d́aš
Halaj: jāš
Chuvash: koś-śol
Tuva: čaš
Kirghiz: ǯaš
Kazakh: žas
Noghai: jas
Bashkir: jäš
Karaim: jaš
Karakalpak: žas
Salar: jaš
Kumyk: jaš
Comments: VEWT 192, EDT 975-976, Ашм. VII, 32, ЭСТЯ 4, 161-163 (because of external evidence should be distinguished both from *jāl' 'age' and *jāl' 'fresh, green'). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *nidü
Meaning: eye
Russian meaning: глаз
Written Mongolian: nidü(n) (L 578) Middle Mongolian: nidun (HY 45, SH), neidun (IM), nidun (MA) Khalkha: nüd
Buriat: ńüde(n)
Kalmuck: nüdṇ
Ordos: nüdü(n)
Dongxian: nuduŋ, -n
Baoan: nedoŋ
Shary-Yoghur: nudun
Mogol: nüdün; ZM nodun (2-3a) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńia-sa
Meaning: eye
Russian meaning: глаз
Evenki: ē̂sa
Even: ǟsъ̣l
Negidal: ē̂sa
Spoken Manchu: jasǝ (10)
Literary Manchu: jasa
Jurchen: ŋia-ĉi (496)
Ulcha: ịsal(ị)
Orok: isal
Nanai: nasal, dial. ńisal(a), ịsal, ŋasar
Oroch: isa
Udighe: jehä
Solon: īsal
Comments: ТМС 1, 291-292. The Nan. and Jurch. forms unmistakeably point to an initial nasal, lost in other languages in the exceptional position before the diphthong *iā. Other traces of initial nasal can be seen in: Man. ńońo 'pupil of the eye', Neg. ńuińaki 'eyebrow', Evn. ńȫŋeti 'one-eyed' (pointing perhaps to a derivative *ńiā-ŋu- with later assimilations > *ńūŋu- ~ *ńūńu-). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-chu,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *nún
Meaning: eye
Russian meaning: глаз
Modern Korean: nun
Middle Korean: nún
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *mài(N), *mì-
Meaning: 1 eye 2 to see
Russian meaning: 1 глаз 2 видеть
Old Japanese: me 1, mji- 2
Middle Japanese: mè 1, mì- 2
Tokyo: mé 1, mí- 2
Kyoto: mèe 1, mì- 2
Kagoshima: mé 1, mí- 2
Nase: mɨ́ 1, mj- 2
Shuri: mī́ 1, n̄ǯ- 2
Hateruma: mìŃ 1, mì- 2
Yonakuni: mī̀ 1, nn- 2
Comments: JLTT 474, 724. Nasal -N can be reconstructed on the basis of Hateruma (Ryukyu) mìŃ - although one cannot exclude that this is a later addition. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-yon,japet-comments,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1710
Proto: *wanV
English meaning: to see, look
German meaning: sehen, schauen
Finnish: vaani- 'lauern, auflauern; auf der Lauer liegen (stehen, sein)' ( > Saam. N vādnâ- 'seize, take hold of (of a boy seizing a girl or a wolf seizing a reindeer), L vānati- 'in einiger Entfernung die Rentiere auf Skiern umkreisen und sie dann und dann durch Anrufen merken lassen, daß sie bewacht werden', vanna- (Ko. Näätämö) 'lauern')
Estonian: vaani- (dial.) 'lauern, auflauern'
Mordovian: vano- (E M) 'schauen, betrachten, pflegen, erziehen, hüten, bewahren, beschützen'
Addenda: Liv. van̄́tlǝ̑- 'sehen, schauen, zuschauen' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-mrd,uralet-add,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *nō-
Meaning : view, to notice, eye
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *nōḍ-, *nōṭ-, *nōk-
Meaning : to look at, examine
Tamil : nōṭṭam
Tamil meaning : examination of coins, assaying, scrutiny of gems, precious metals, etc., value, criticism as by a rival artist or workman, attempt at wit, endeavour to excel, hinder or baffle another in speech
Tamil derivates : nōkku (nōkki-) to see, look at, behold, view, consider, reflect, regard, pay attention to, arrange, put in order, keep, protect, save, do, perform, resemble, compare, read, desire; n. eye, sight, look, beauty, meaning, intention, knowledge, greatness, mode, style; nōkkam eye, eyesight, look, gaze, glance, view, aspects of a planet, appearance, expression, cast of countenance, beauty, attractiveness, watch, design, object, intention, aim, sense, intelligence, attention, observation, desire, indication, sign
Malayalam : nōṭṭam
Malayalam meaning : viewing, examination, experienced eye, sharp sight, shroffage, fortune-telling
Malayalam derivates : nōkkuka to look at, view, observe, look after, examine, be in a certain direction, seek, consider, regard, intend; nōkkam view, beauty, eye; nōkkal a look; nōkku look, watchfulness, sight, beauty
Kannada : nōḍu
Kannada meaning : to look, look on, look at, view, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see
Kannada derivates : nōḍuvike looking, etc.; nōḍisu to cause to look; nōṭa looking at or on, viewing, beholding, seeing, examination, a sight, spectacle, sight, the power of seeing, a look, appearance; nōṭaka a looker-on, spectator, eyewitness
Kodagu : nōṭ- (nōṭi-)
Kodagu meaning : to look at
Tulu : nōṭa
Tulu meaning : sight, view, vision, aim
Tulu derivates : nōḍaḍruni, nōḍāvuni to point at, show; nūṭāvuni to show
Notes : The root apparently had both the voiced-auslaut and the voiceless-auslaut variants in PDR. As for Tamil nōkkam, etc., these forms either constitute a separate root or can go back to PDR *nōṭ-k-.
Number in DED : 3794
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *nōṭ-
Meaning : to look at
Kota : nōṭ- (nōc-) "to look at, look for, examine, be looked at"
Toda : nwɨ̄ṭ- (nwɨ̄ṭy-)
Additional forms : Also Kota nōṭ, nōṭm (obl. nōṭt-) a sight; Toda nwɨ̄ṭ a sight
Number in DED : 3794
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *niŋǝ-(t-)
Meaning: to see, to hear, to listen
Russian meaning: видеть, слышать, слушать
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *niŋǝ-t- (-ruɣ-)
Meaning: to see 1, to hear 2, to listen 3
Russian Meaning: видеть 1, слышать 2, слушать 3
Sirenik: nǝŋǝ́tǝqǝ̄́χtǝʁá 1, nǝŋítuʁǝmǝkǝ́ŋa (3sg3sg aor.) 'he went for looking at him' (//nǝŋǝtuʁ-, nǝŋǝtituʁ- [Vakh.]
Naukan: níquʁāquq 2, nīqútāqā 3
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nītǝ- 2, nīcuɣni- 3
Chugach (Birket-Smith): nītā 2
Central Alaskan Yupik: nītǝ- 2, nīcuɣni- 3
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 206, 214
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-chgm,yupet-cay,yupet-ced,
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'ǝnju-
Meaning (Rus.): стеречь
kamet-meaning,kamet-chuk,kamet-itel,
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Chukchee-Koryak etymology :
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Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *(šǝ)ʒu-, ? *ʒu-t-
Meaning (Rus.): стеречь, охранять
Chukchee: jút-, r-jú-
Koryak: j-ju-
Palan: ɣe-ń-ńu-lqi-te imper. 2sg.
Alutor: t-jù-kki, -ń-ńu-
chuket-prnum,chuket-meaning,chuket-chu,chuket-kor,chuket-pal,chuket-alu,
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Itelmen etymology :
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Proto-Itelmen: *'ǝnju-
Meaning (Rus.): стеречь
Itelmen: 'inju-s 1, 'in-inju-kes 2
Itelmen meaning: стеречь 1, сторожить, быть сторожем 2
Number in Volodin 1976: 200
itelet-prnum,itelet-meaning,itelet-ite,itelet-itemea,itelet-vol,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕayVn-
Meaning: eye
East Chadic: cf. Jegu ʔinn- 'to know'
Notes: Denominative verbs in Brb *HVnVy 'see' (Ghat Ahg ǝni, Ayr ǝnǝy, Adghaq ǝnhi, Izd inni); WCh *ʕVyan- 'see' (Bol ʔinn, Paa ḥan, Klr riyan, DB yen) and CCh *ʔan- 'see, find' (Gaa ànnì, Grk anana) and Dah ʕeen-aad_ 'see from afar'? Cf. EDE I 125-6, where this root is confused with Afras. *ʔi(n)ṭ- 'eye' (395).
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-wch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 146
Proto-Semitic: *ʕayn-
Meaning: eye
Akkadian: īnu (OAKK, ASS ēnu) OAkk on [CAD i 153], [AHw 383]
Eblaitic: a-na-a /ʕaynay(a)/ (dual) [Kr 27; Fr 155; Bl E No. 9]
Ugaritic: ʕn [DLU 82], /ʕēnu/ [Huehner 159]; ʕn 'see'
Canaanite: AMARNA h_e-na-ya (dual, 1 pl. suff.) [HJ 839]
Phoenician: ʕn, ʕyn (also 'sight') [T 252]
Hebrew: ʕayin [KB 817]
Biblical Aramaic: suff. ʕēn-, pl. ʕaynīn [KB deutsch 1107]
Judaic Aramaic: ʕayin (ʕēnā, ʕaynā) [Ja 1071]; constr. ʕayn-, det. ʕaynā, pl. ʕaynīn [Sok 403]
Syrian Aramaic: ʕaynā [Brock 522]
Modern Aramaic: MAL ʕaina [Berg 4], TUR ʕaino 'spring, source' [R Ṭūrōyo 113] MLH ʕayno 'Auge, Quelle' [J Mlah 168] HRT ʔena 'Auge, Quelle' [J Hert 181] NASS ɔynɔ 'eye, spring' [Tser 0156] URM ayna 'eye' [R Urmi 97] ZKH ʔēna 'eye' [R Zakho 105] MMND īn, emph. īna 'eye' [M MND 502] GZR ʔéna 'fountain' [Nak 67] AZR ena 'eye' [Garb 305] IRN aynâ 'l'occhio, la sorgente' [Pen 63]
Mandaic Aramaic: aina (abs., constr. ʕin) [DM 15, 348]
Arabic: ʕayn- [BK 2 425]
Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB ʕyn [SD 23]. MIN ʕyn (n.), (v.) 'voir' [LM 18].
QAT ʕyn 'sight' [Ricks 118]
Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʕayn
Tigre: ʕǝn (pl. ʕǝntat) [LH 472]
Amharic: ayn [K 1289]
Gafat: inä [LGaf 178]
East Ethiopic: WOL in, SEL ZWY īn [LGur 117]
Gurage: GYE ayn, CHA EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG en, END ēn, SOD in [ibid.]
Mehri: ʔāyn [JM 38]
Jibbali: ʕíhn [JJ 20]
Soqotri: ʕain [LS 308], [SSL LS 1453]
Notes: Also 'spring, water source' in most of SEM. [Fron 44]: (*ʕayn- /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [DLU 82]: UGR, EBL, ARM, HBR, PHO, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [KB 817]: HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK, PHO, ARB, ESA, GEZ, TGR; [LGz 80]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, AKK, HBR, ARM, ESA, PHO, SOQ; [Holma 15]: AKK, HBR, ARB, SYR, GEZ
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-akk,semet-ebl,semet-uga,semet-can,semet-phn,semet-hbr,semet-bib,semet-jud,semet-syr,semet-new,semet-mnd,semet-ara,semet-sar,semet-gzz,semet-tgr,semet-amh,semet-gaf,semet-east,semet-gur,semet-mhr,semet-jib,semet-soq,semet-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: ʕn, ʕyn
Meaning: 'eye' (a)
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ʔayVn-
Meaning: 'to see'
Bolewa: ʔinn- [LukB]
Pa'a: ḥan [MS]
Polchi: yeni [Sh]
Geji: yenî [Sh]
Tule: yāni [CLR]
Fyer: yaána [CLR]
Kulere: ṛiyan (= Hiyan?) [Jg]
Daffo-Butura: yen [Jg]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-bol,wchet-paa,wchet-pol,wchet-gej,wchet-tul,wchet-fyr,wchet-klr,wchet-dfb,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *Hin-t-
Meaning: 'eyes' (pl.)
Saho: intit
Afar (Danakil): intit
Notes: Lack of consonant in Anlaut points to *ʔ-, since *ʕ- in this group is preserved. Probably *ʕ- > *ʔ- under the influence of *ʔil- 'eye' (380) or *ʔi(n)ṭ- id. (395)?
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,shoet-notes,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *Han-
Meaning: 'eye'
Gimirra (Benesho, She): an
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-gim,
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