Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *pĕ́rV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: gland, callus

Russian meaning: железа, мозоль

Turkic: *ber

Mongolian: *ber-seɣü

Tungus-Manchu: *peri

Comments: KW 43. A Western isogloss. For Turkic cf. alternatively Mong. marma- 'be covered with scars' (cf. traces of nasalization in Turkic languages).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ber

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: swelling, gland

Russian meaning: железа, желвак

Turkmen: berč

Khakassian: mir

Chuvash: par

Yakut: bert / berge

Kazakh: berišek 'thick pus' (R)

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ber-seɣü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: callus, hard growth

Russian meaning: мозоль, твердый нарост

Written Mongolian: bersegüü (L 100)

Khalkha: bersǖ

Buriat: ber 'bump'

Kalmuck: bersǖ

Ordos: bersǖ

Comments: KW 43.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *peri

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: abrasion, chafe (on horse's back)

Russian meaning: ссадина, стертая кожа на спине лошади

Literary Manchu: feri

Comments: ТМС 2, 305. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *perV

Meaning: skin

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *pi̯óro(-k`V) ( ~ -i̯u-) (also *pĕ́rV)

Uralic: *perV

Dravidian: *PIr- (cf. also *por- 1984, *par- 1982)

References: МССНЯ 344, ОСНЯ 3, 78-79, Tyler 127; ND 1782 *P_er[w]V 'skin, hide, bark'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 762

Proto: *perV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: skin, bark

German meaning: Haut, Rinde

Khanty (Ostyak): pĕr (Vj.) 'rötliche Haut auf der Innenseite der Birkenrinde'

Hungarian: bőr 'Haut, Fell, Leder; dial. Weidenbast'

Nenets (Yurak): pīrʔ (O) 'rote innere Rinde der Birke, Rinde des Brotes, Deckel des Buches'

Sammalahti's version: *peri

Addenda: Koib. pere 'Rinde'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *PIr-

Meaning : skin, bark

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *pIr-

Proto-Telugu : *beraḍ-

Notes : ? Kurukh cayā̃-perē 'snake's old skin'

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *pIr-

Meaning : skin; to peel

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : pere

Kannada meaning : skin or slough of a serpent

Kannada derivates : here to scrape, shave; (Gowda) hermaṇe grater, scraper

Tulu : perevuni

Tulu meaning : to be peeled, scraped

Tulu derivates : perepini to grate, scrape; pereḍuni to scrape, shave; peradanè, peramaṇè grater, scraper; piresuni to peel, scrape, pare off

Number in DED : 4417

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *beraḍ-

Meaning : bark, rind, shell

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : beraḍu

Additional forms : Also baraḍu bark of a tree

Number in DED : 4417

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVRV

Meaning : skin

Eurasiatic : *perV

Afroasiatic : *pu/ar-

Reference : МССНЯ 344.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *pu/ar-

Meaning: bark, skin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *parw- ~ *parr- 'skin' 1, 'fur' 2, 'shell, husk' 3

Berber: *-fur- 'skin disease' 1, 'bark' 2

Western Chadic: *fu/ar- 'bark' 1, 'skin of the monkey nuts' 2, 'skin or pod of the fruit of the locust tree ' 3

Central Chadic: *pi/ar- 'to peel' 1, 'skin with a hoe' 2

East Chadic: *pir- 'to shell' 1, 'bark'2

Semitic etymology :

Number: 2179

Proto-Semitic: *parw- ~ *parr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: skin, fur, husk, etc.

Akkadian: pāru, parru, bāru 'Haut' SB on [AHw 836].

    According to Soden, a SUM loanword [ibid.] (cf. SUM bar 'Fell, Haut; Schale; Schuppe' [IK 112-13]), which is hardly so in view of SEM cognates

Hebrew: parwā 'fur'

Syrian Aramaic: partā (pl. parrē) 'furfur; folliculus, gluma (seminis); squama capitis' [Brock 591]

Arabic: farwat- 'peau de la tête' [BK 2 588]; farw- 'pelisse, vêtement doublé de fourrure' [ibid.]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): farra 'to shell, husk' [LGz 166]

Tigre: (?) färwät 'sheepskin coat' [LH 658]; rather an Arabism

Notes: Note various strategies of triconsonantizing: doubling of the second radical in AKK (parru), SYR and GEZ, and adding -w as a third radical in ARB (and TGR unless an Arabism).

    In GEZ, only a derived verb retained

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *fur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin disease' 1 , 'bark' 2

Ghadames: ti-fra 2

Ahaggar (Tahaggart): ta-fūre 1

Zenaga: ta-ffrāh 1

Semlal: ta-fūri 1

Ntifa: ta-fura

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *fu/ar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bark' 1, 'skin of the monkey nuts' 2, 'skin or pod of the fruit of the locust tree ' 3

Hausa: fúurúu, húurúu 2

Tangale: paara 3 [JgT]

Diri: fùfûr 1 [SkNb] (<*furfur-)

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *pi/ar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to peel' 1, 'skin with a hoe' 2

Mbara: pírí [TMba]

Zime-Batna: pár 1 [Sa]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *pir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to shell' 1, 'bark'2

Migama: píráw 1, púr-dè 2 JgM

Bidiya: pir JgB

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