Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`et`V ( ~ p-, -t-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to pinch

Russian meaning: щипать, брать щепотку

Tungus-Manchu: *pet-

Korean: *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ-

Comments: Lee 1958, 109. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss, with usual vowel loss between two stops in Kor. Cf. *pàt`á. On possible reflexes in Turkic and Mongolian (a result of contamination) see under *p`ắt`à(-kV).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pet-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck, collect

Russian meaning: 1 захватить щепотку, отщипнуть 2 хватать 3 копать, рыть 4 срывать, собирать

Evenki: hetu-kēt- 1

Even: hetъkle- 1

Spoken Manchu: fatǝ- 1, 4 (1165, 1575)

Literary Manchu: fata- 1, fete- 3

Ulcha: patarači- 2

Nanai: pata- (Он.) 4, fete- (Bik., Kur-Urm.) 3

Comments: ТМС 2, 305, 371-372. Forms with -a- reflect a partial contamination with *pāt(i)- q. v. sub *p`ā̀t`à. Rozycki 76 supposes Man. fete- < Mong. ete-, which is impossible due to the absence of *h- in Mongolian (v. sub *ìt`ù).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to pinch, pick, pluck

Russian meaning: срывать, выщипывать

Modern Korean: t:ɨt-, t:a-

Middle Korean: ptɨ́-t-, ptằ-

Comments: Nam 137, 174, KED 380, 532.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *[p]itV

Meaning: to grasp, seize

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: Germ. *fata-, Balt. *pēda-

Altaic: *p`et`V ( ~ p-, -t-)

Uralic: *pitä

Kartvelian: *ṗuṭ-wn-; cf. also Svan. -pdäl 'touch, take'

Dravidian: *piḍ- ; *ped_- 'pick up, collect' 1234; *pat_- 'catch, hold' 1201

References: МССНЯ 339, ND 264 *bit(V)[ʔ]V 'to hold' (Ur, Drav + some Cush., Chad.?); 1824 *P_it/dA 'to hold, grasp, seize' (+ Akk.); 1829 *ṗ[a]ṭV 'to pinch, pluck' (Alt. + Kartv. + Chad.). Two (or more) roots?

Uralic etymology :

Number: 788

Proto: *pitä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to hold

German meaning: halten

Finnish: pitä- 'halten; behalten; für etw. halten, einen, etw. lieben; sollen, müssen' ( > Saam. N bitte -đ- 'stand firm', K T pi̊_itte- 'nötig sein')

Estonian: pida- (pean) 'halten, festhalten; aushalten; sollen, müssen'

Saam (Lapp): bâtte- -đ- (N) 'go to a lonely place in order to calve (of a female reindeer or cow)', pahtē- (L) 'unruhig werden und einen Platz zum Kalben aufsuchen (von einer Rentierkuh)' ?

Mordovian: ped́a- (E) 'sich anschließen, ankleben; eigensinnig anfangen'

Khanty (Ostyak): pit- (V DN O) '(in etw.) fallen, geraten'

Mansi (Vogul): pät- (TJ LU), pǟt- (KU), pat- (So) 'fallen, mausern'

Sammalahti's version: *pitä- + FP *pitä-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṗuṭ-wn-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: щипать (птицу)

English meaning: to pluck (fowl)

Georgian: ṗuṭ(n)-

Megrel: ṗuṭon-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 154.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *piḍ-

Meaning : to catch, seize

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *piḍ-i-

Proto-Telugu : *piḍ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *piḍ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *piḍ-i-

Meaning : to catch, seize

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : piṭi (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to catch, grasp, seize, clutch, capture, cling to, contain, carry, keep back, understand, make a handful; cling (intr.), adhere, be pleasing, suitable; n. hold, clutch, pinch, seizure by the hand, comprehension, fist, closed hand, handle, handful, small quantity

Tamil derivates : piṭittam withholding a part of payment, frugality; piṭittu handful; piṭippu grasping, holding, seizure, catching, sticking, money amassed, handle

Malayalam : piṭi

Malayalam meaning : grasp, hold, closed hand, handful, handle, hilt, memory

Malayalam derivates : piṭikka to seize, catch, hold (as a vessel), stick to, understand, take effect; piṭiccu beginning from; piṭittam grasp, handle, knowledge, obstinacy; piṭippikka to cause to seize or grasp; piṭippu sticking, cleaving, capacity

Kannada : piḍi

Kannada meaning : to seize, catch, grasp, deduct from wages, hold, begin (as rain), comprise, be able to receive (as sack, cart), be so spacious as to let (a thing) pass through; n. seizing, hold, grasping, clenching t he fist, handful, fist, handle, hilt

Kannada derivates : piḍite seizure; piḍipu state of seizing or being seized; piḍiyisu, piḍisu to cause to seize; piḍiha seizing, etc.

Kodagu : puḍi- (puḍip-, puḍic-)

Kodagu meaning : to catch, hold, be small enough to go into or through

Kodagu derivates : puḍi handful, morsel; (Shanmugam) puḍip holding

Tulu : piḍita, piḍitta, piḍta

Tulu meaning : discrimination, judgement

Tulu derivates : hiḍi a hold, grasp, handful, handle, hilt; puḍi handle, haft, hilt; puḍa, puḍu holding, grasping, handling; puṇḍi the fist, a handful; (B-K) puḍipu a rope handle used for holding the buffaloes in a buffalo race; puḍkai handle of plough

Proto-Nilgiri : *piḍ-

Number in DED : 4148

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *piḍ-

Meaning : to seize, clench

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : piṛc- (piṛc-) "to clench (hand)"

Toda : iḍy- (iḍt-) "to seize, cling to (< Badaga)"

Additional forms : Also Kota piṛy handful of anything but cooked rice; pic handful of boiled rice

Number in DED : 4148

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *piḍ-

Meaning : handle, hilt, handful

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : piḍi

Additional forms : Also piḍikili fist, hold, grasp, handful; piḍikilincu to close the fist, hold in the fist; piḍikilinta closing the fist; piḍikẽḍu handful; [1] piḍuca, [2] piḍica handful or a small lump of any semi-solid thing

Number in DED : 4148

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *piḍ-

Meaning : bundle

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : piḍia "bunch, small bundle"

Parji : piḍk- "to embrace"

Number in DED : 4148

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVTV

Meaning : to seize, press

Eurasiatic : *[p]itV

Sino-Caucasian : *ṗVtV

Austric : PAA *bɨt 'to pinch', *pat, *pac 'squeeze, press', *pit 'shut, cover', PAN *cubit, *gepit 'to pinch, touch, grasp', *zapit 'pinch, squeeze, press', *qapit 'pich, squeeze', Tai *bʔit 'to pluck'

Amerind (misc.) : *pitu 'hand, hold, touch' (GE 106)

Reference : GE 106 *pit.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ṗVtV

Meaning: to shut, press

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *[p]it

Yenisseian: *pVt-

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[p]it

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shut, close

Chinese: 閉 *pīt, *pīts, *prits to shut, close.

Burmese: pit to shut, close.

Kachin: pat³ to obstruct, shut, kǝpat to close.

Comments: Kanauri pid-. Sh. 132. Cf. PAN *kupit 'close, shut' (Sag 36).

Chinese characters :

Character: 閉

Modern (Beijing) reading: bì

Preclassic Old Chinese: pīts

Classic Old Chinese: pīć

Western Han Chinese: pjǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: piǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: piēś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: piḕj

Late Postclassic Chinese: piḕj

Middle Chinese: pièj

English meaning : to shut, obstruct

Russian meaning[s]: 1) закрыть; затворить, замкнуть; 2) блокировать; преградить; завалить; прекратить

Comments: Also read MC piet, OC *pīt id. Cf. also 閟 *prits.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 169

Four-angle index: 3413

Karlgren code: 0412 a-b

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1317

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 閉

MC description : 蟹開三去祭幫

ZIHUI: 7028 0538

Beijing: pi 3

Jinan: pi 3

Xi'an: pi 3

Taiyuan: pei 3

Hankou: pi 3

Chengdu: pi 3

Yangzhou: pǝi 3

Suzhou: pi 31

Wenzhou: pei 31

Changsha: pei 31

Shuangfeng: pi 31

Nanchang: pi 31

Meixian: pi 3

Guangzhou: pai 31

Xiamen: pi 31

Chaozhou: pi 22

Fuzhou: pie 32

Shanghai: pi 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: pi 3

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pVt-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to press; narrow

Ket: hátam "it is too narrow", háta, hátap 'to press'

Yug: fatɛʔ "it is too narrow", fátiĺejɛsaŋ 'in order to press'

Kottish: ha-pit "to press", hača-pitaŋ "I press", imper. hi-pit; tha-pit 'to milk'

Comments: Werner 1, 302, 305, 306 (w.r.).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *PVt

Meaning: to pinch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *bɨt (cf. also *bʔe:t 'pinch, pierce')

Austroasiatic meaning: to pinch (a loan?)

Proto-Austronesian: *cubit, *gepit, *upit pinch, touch, grasp; *buat 'harvest fruits' (also *butbut, *putput 'pluck', *bitbit 'hold with fingers')

Austronesian meaning: to pinch, touch, grasp

Austronesian code: 6:4; 9:7

Proto-Thai: bʔit

Thai meaning: to pluck

Notes: Cf. *PVt

References: Ben 335, Peiros 1998, 96.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *bɨt

Meaning: to pinch

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: bʔit to pluck

Khmer: chbɨt

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: chbɨt

Meaning: a pinch of smth.

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

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