Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ā́ri ( ~ *ḗra)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: man

Russian meaning: мужчина

Turkic: *ēr

Mongolian: *ere

Comments: KW 123, Владимирцов 324, Poppe 79, 106, Цинциус 1972a, 45-49, ОСНЯ 1, 247, АПиПЯЯ 54, 283. A well known Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. (see TMN 2, 179, Щербак 1997, 115) is quite improbable because of the final vowel. Cf. *i̯òre.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ēr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: man

Russian meaning: мужчина

Old Turkic: er (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: er (MK, KB)

Turkish: er

Tatar: ir

Middle Turkic: er (Pav. C.)

Uighur: är

Sary-Yughur: jer

Azerbaidzhan: är 'husband'

Turkmen: ǟr

Khakassian: ir

Shor: er

Oyrat: er

Halaj: här

Chuvash: ar

Yakut: er

Dolgan: er

Tuva: er

Bashkir: ir

Balkar: er

Karaim: er

Karakalpak: er adam

Salar: er

Kumyk: er

Comments: VEWT 46, TMN 2, 178-9, EDT 192, ЭСТЯ 1, 290-291, Лексика 303, 561, Егоров 30, Stachowski 46, 128.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ere

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: male, man

Russian meaning: мужчина

Written Mongolian: ere (L 321)

Middle Mongolian: ere (HY 29, SH), ärä (IM), irä̆ (MA)

Khalkha: er

Buriat: ere

Kalmuck: erǝ

Ordos: ere

Dongxian: ere

Baoan: ere

Dagur: er, ergun (Тод. Даг. 140) ere (MD, 145)

Shary-Yoghur: ere

Monguor: rē 'mâle non châtré de certains animaux, masculin' (SM 313)

Mogol: ZM errä (9-6a)

Comments: KW 123, MGCD 264.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔarV

Meaning: member of the clan

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ar(y)- <PIH *a->

Altaic: *ā́ri ( ~ *ḗra)

Uralic: *arV (*arwa)

Dravidian: *ēr_- (*-d_-)

References: ND 67 *ʔarV; 781 *he(y)r[E] 'male' (hardly separatable) (in 1881 *q[ä]rV 'ox' Drav. is compared with Kartv. *qar- 'bull, ox' and some East Cush.).

Indo-European etymology :

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1745

Proto: *arV (*arwa)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: relative on mother's side; (younger) brother of mother

German meaning: mütterlicher Verwandter; (jüngerer) Bruder der Mutter

Khanty (Ostyak): oĺi (V Vj.), orti (O), wǫrtĭ (Kaz.) 'Neffe, Sohn des Bruders (od. der Schwester), jüngerer Bruder der Mutter etc.', oĺisakǝn (Vj.) 'Mutterbruder und Kind seiner älteren Schwester zusammen', oĺisat 'Mutterbruder und Kinder seiner älteren Schwester zusammen', i̮ĺt́i̮ (Vj.), åл́t́ (Trj.), ɔr`ne (Kaz.) 'Tochter der älteren Schwester (des Vaters), Tochter des älteren Bruders des Mannes etc.', ar`sǝχ (O) 'Kind der älteren Schwester, Kind der Schwester des Vaters', ɔrtĭweŋ (Kaz.) 'Mann der Tochter der älteren Schwester etc.'

Mansi (Vogul): oår (LM), ā̊r (N) 'mütterlicherseits verwandt', or 'сородичи по материнской линии, предки по матери', jäɣnor ōr-nor (K) 'родительская досада'

Hungarian: ara 'Braut; (altung.) Bruder der Mutter od. der Schwester; Schwiegertochter'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ēr_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : male

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ēr_-

Brahui : arē (pl. arisk)

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *ēr_-

Meaning : bull, male

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ēr_u

Tamil meaning : bull, male of certain animals (pig, deer, buffalo, sambar, tiger, lion)

Tamil derivates : ēr_r_ai, (lex.) ēṭṭai male of any animal remarkable for physical strength

Malayalam : ēr_u

Malayalam meaning : bullock

Malayalam derivates : ēr_an bull

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēr_ä

Number in DED : 0917

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *ēr_ä

Meaning : male buffalo, bull

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : ēr

Toda : ēr_

Additional forms : Also Kota tir ēr buffalo calf at Toda calf sacrifice

Number in DED : 917

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : arē (pl. arisk)

Meaning : male individual, person, husband

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 917

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRV

Meaning : clan member

Eurasiatic : *ʔarV

Afroasiatic : *ʔary-

Sino-Caucasian : *ʡwǝ̆hri ( ~ -e)

Reference : ND 67; GE 15 *ar (+ NS; various diff. SC and Nostr.).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔa-rway-

Meaning: husband, wife; family/clan member

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔary- 'family member, relative'

Egyptian: ỉry.t 'friend (fem.)' (old)

East Chadic: *rway- 'friend' 1, 'husband' 2

Beḍauye (Beja): reero 'relative' (cf. ʔoor 'child')

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ʔar- 'husband'

Low East Cushitic: *ʔarr- ~ *rēr- 'wife' 1, 'clan' 2

High East Cushitic: *ʔarʔ- 'husband'

Omotic: *ʔar- 'husband'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1425

Proto-Semitic: *ʔary-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'family member, relative'

Akkadian: āru 'young man' OAkk

Ugaritic: ʔary

Arabic: ʔarā-

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ỉry.t

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'friend (fem.)' (old)

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *rway-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'friend' 1, 'husband' 2

Dangla: ròyà 1 [Fd]

Mubi: rò 2 [CLR: 201]

Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

Bedauye: reero

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'relative'

Notes: ʔoor 'child'

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *ʔar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'husband'

Awiya (Aungi): ŋ-ära

Notes: Prefix ŋ- ?

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔarr- ~ *rēr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'wife' 1, 'clan' 2

Somali: oori 1, reer 2

Rendille: arrari 2

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔarʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'husband'

Sidamo: aroo

Darasa (Gedeo): aroʔo

Hadiya (Gudella): aróʔo

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *ʔar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'husband'

Anfillo (Southern Mao): aroo

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʡwǝ̆hri ( ~ -e)

Meaning: army; enemy

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʡwǝ̆hri ( ~ -e)

Sino-Tibetan: *rāH

Yenisseian: *ha(ʔ)r-

Burushaski: *hol

Basque: *her̄i

Comments and references : HGC 34, BCD 31.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʡwǝ̆hri ( ~ -e)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: troops, army

Proto-Nakh: *bʡo

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔin-ħʷa

Proto-Tsezian: *ħɔz:ʷ B

Proto-Lak: aIra-l

Proto-West Caucasian: *ŕǝ

Notes: An interesting cultural term, securely reconstructed for PNC. There exist also HU parallels: Hurr. χūr-adǝ, Ur. χur-adǝ, χūr-adǝ 'warrior' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 63-64).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bʡo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: troops, army

Chechen: bʕo

Ingush: bʕu

Batsbi: bʕö (Matsiyev)

Comments: 5th class in Chech., 5/6th class in Ing., 6th class in Bacb. Obl. base *bʡa- (cf. Chech. dat. bʕa-na, Ing. erg. bʕe-wo). Cf. also a suffixed form in Bacb.: Bacb. buħ ( < *bʕo-ħu) 'war, quarrel'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔin-ħʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: army, troops

Avar: bo

Chadakolob: bo

Andian language: iha

Akhvakh: ĩho

Chamalal: iha

Tindi: iha

Comments: Av. paradigm A (bo-l / bó-dul, bó-jal). The detailed meaning in Avar is "people; community (from several villages); army, troops". The PA form has a prefixed *ʔin- (as in some other cases of laryngeal Anlaut).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ħɔz:ʷ B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: troops, army

Tsezi: oz

Ginukh: üz

Khvarshi: ezʷ

Inkhokvari: ez

Bezhta: haz

Gunzib: haz

Comments: PTsKh *ʔözʷ; PGB *haz (*-a- is not quite regular here: one would expect PGB *hɔz and Gunz. hɔz). The PTs form is originally an oblique base *ħɔ(r)-z:ʷV-, early reinterpreted as the direct one (cf. analogous cases in words for 'eye' and 'bone' - all of the direct bases ending in PTs *-r).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: aIra-l

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: army, troops

Lak form: aIral

Comments: An old plural form. The original suffixless form is reflected in Arch. aIri 'army', an old Laki loanword.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ŕǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: army, troups

Abkhaz: á-r

Abaza: rǝ

Adyghe: ʒa

Kabardian: ʒa

Ubykh: La

Comments: PAT *rǝ; PAK *ʒa; Ub. def. á-La. The correspondence PAT *r : PAK *ʒ : Ub. *L points to palatalized *ŕ in PWC. Because of this reconstruction, Charaya's (1912) comparison of the WC forms with Georg. eri 'people, nation' seems possible (despite Shagirov 1).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rāH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: enemy, captive, war

Chinese: 虜 *r_āʔ captive.

Tibetan: dgra enemy, foe, ãgras to hate, ãgran to fight; to vie with, contend with.

Comments: Coblin 72.

Chinese characters :

Character: 虜

Modern (Beijing) reading: lǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)āʔ

Classic Old Chinese: r(h)ā́

Western Han Chinese: r(h)ā́

Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)ā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ṓ

Middle Chinese: ló

English meaning : captive, prisoner

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пленник, пленный; 2) брать в плен; похитить; поймать; арестовать, см. 擄; 3) древн. раб

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 141

Four-angle index: 4738

Karlgren code: 0069 e

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *har-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: Arin; slave, servant

Kottish: arɨn-gɨt (Бол.) 'slave'; harangat (M), haranget (Сл, Кл); Ass. xáranget (Сл, Кл) 'servant'

Arin: ar (M), ara (M, Мес.) 'Arin'

Comments: ССЕ 230. The self-denomination of the Arins, probably originally meaning 'warrior' (cf. the external evidence), and with a characteristic semantic transition 'Arin' > 'slave' in Kottish - apparently reflecting intertribal relations between Yenisseians. Werner 1, 57 (doubting the comparison without additional arguments).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *hol

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: army, troups

Yasin: hol

Hunza: hol

Nagar: hol

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *her̄i

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: people, population, nation, country

Bizkaian: erri

Gipuzkoan: erri

High Navarrese: erri

Low Navarrese: herri

Lapurdian: herri

Zuberoan: hérri

Roncalese: erri

Comments: From the probable PSC original meaning Bsq *her̄i has become broader (‘people, nation’ + the land they occupy), while PNC *ʡwǝ̆hri is more restricted (‘part of the people who fight in war’).

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