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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *gĕ̀le
Meaning: to come; to go
Russian meaning: приходить; идти
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 99, 274. The verb loses the final resonant in Jpn., Kor. and in some forms of the Turkic paradigm: this must be an archaic feature (also present in some other frequently used verbs), speaking perhaps in favour of the root's original monosyllabic structure (*gèl). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *gẹl-
Meaning: to come
Russian meaning: приходить
Old Turkic: kel- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: kel- (MK, KB) Turkish: gel-
Tatar: kil-
Uzbek: kel-
Uighur: käl-/kil-
Sary-Yughur: kel-
Azerbaidzhan: gäl-
Turkmen: gel-
Khakassian: kil-
Oyrat: kel-
Halaj: käl-
Chuvash: kil-
Yakut: kel-
Dolgan: kel-
Tuva: kel-
Tofalar: kel-
Kirghiz: kel-
Kazakh: kel-
Noghai: kel-
Bashkir: kil-
Balkar: kel-
Gagauz: gel-
Karaim: kel-
Karakalpak: kel-
Salar: gel-, gej-
Kumyk: gel-
Comments: VEWT 248; EDT 715, ЭСТЯ 3, 14-16, 31-32, Stachowski 143. The Chuv. and Yak. vowels correspond irregularly. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *gel-
Meaning: to walk slowly
Russian meaning: ходить медленно
Written Mongolian: geldüri- (L 375), gelderi-, gelgüri- Middle Mongolian: geli- 'hinterherlaufen, einholen' (SH) Khalkha: geldre-
Kalmuck: geldṛ-
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-dag,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gel-
Meaning: to get hardly on one's way
Russian meaning: трогаться с места, с трудом собираться в путь
Evenki: gel-
Orok: gilin-
Comments: ТМС 1, 150, 178. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-ork,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *ká-
Meaning: to go (away)
Russian meaning: идти, уходить
Modern Korean: ka-
Middle Korean: ká-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀-
Meaning: to come
Russian meaning: приходить
Old Japanese: ko-
Middle Japanese: kú
Tokyo: kú-
Kyoto: kù-
Kagoshima: kú-
Nase: kj-
Shuri: č-
Hateruma: kù-
Yonakuni: kù-
Comments: JLTT 716. The RJ form is kú (final), but modern dialects point unanimously to *kǝ̀- (perhaps there was a metatony in this irregular paradigm). japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-yon,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kä[lH]V
Meaning: walk, roam, ford
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: Chuk. *ɣala- (336)
Comments: ? слав. гулять (ср. картв.)
References: At least two roots. МССНЯ 332, ОССНЯ 1, 293-294; ND 616 *gUlE (TM *guli-, Ur. *kulke, Kartv. *gwal-); 869 *kal̄(ʔ)V 'approach, come' (Sk. qäl- + Alt. *kalV + SH *kal-); 872 *käl(h)V 'to walk, wade' (Ur. *kälä- + Alt. *gele [only Turk. and Kor.] + Drav. + again SH *kal-); Greenberg 71 adds IE *kel-; ND 1063 *ḳUĺʕ[ü/u] 'track(s), way; to go, travel' (IE *kel-, ObU *kVĺV 'track(s), sign' +SH). A great deal of confusion here. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *kel-
Meaning: road
Old Greek: kéleu̯tho-s, pl. -oi̯/-a f. `Weg, Pfad, Bahn, Reise'; a-kólou̯tho-s `begleitend, Begleiter, -in, entsprechend'
Celtic: Ir. cēle `Genosse', Cymr. cilydd `id.'
Russ. meaning: дорога
Comments: Celt. - differently attributed in Pok.
piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *kel-ja-, -i- c., *kel-eû- vb.
Meaning: way, road
Lithuanian: kẽlia-s, žem. kẽli-s `Weg, Strasse, Bahn'; keliáuti 'wandern, reisen',
Lettish: cel̨š `Weg, Strasse, Bahn, Reise', cel̨uôt 'reisen, wandern'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 892
Root: keleu-
English meaning: to wander; way
German meaning: `wandern; Weg'
General comments: wohl Erweiterung von kel-5.
Material: Gr. κέλευθος f. `Weg' (aus *κλευ-θο-ς nach ἐλευθ- umgeformt), ἱππο-κέλευθος `zu Pferd sich fortbewegend', ἀ-κόλουθος (*ἁ- = sm̥-) `Begleiter'; lit. keliáuju `reise' (kẽlias `Weg' wohl erst postverbal).
References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.
Pages: 554
pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-comments,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 261
Proto: *kälä
English meaning: to ford
German meaning: waten
Finnish: kahlaa-, kaalaa- 'waten' ( < Saam.?)
Estonian: kahla- 'брести в воде, переходить' ( < Finn.?)
Saam (Lapp): galle-, -āl- (N) 'wade', kāllē- (L) 'waten', kāille- (Kld. Not.)
Mordovian: keĺe- (E), käĺe- (M)
Mari (Cheremis): kelä- (KB), kela- (U B)
Udmurt (Votyak): kol- (S) 'ins Wasser treten', kolị̑- (G) 'waten'
Komi (Zyrian): kel- (S), kȯ.l- (PO)
Khanty (Ostyak): kül- (V), kit- (DN), kil- (O) 'aufsteigen; an Land gehen'
Mansi (Vogul): koäl- (TJ), koɔ̈l- (KU), koāl- 'aufstehen; landen', kāl- ~ koal-, kal- 'aufstehen, fahren, kommen'
Hungarian: kel- 'aufstehen, sich erheben', át-kel- 'hinüberfahren', kelet 'Ost; (altung.) Furt, Obergang', kelő 'Furt über die kleine Bäche'
Selkup: (qǝl- 'zu Fuß gehen' - rejected by Redei)
Sammalahti's version: *kälä-
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-est,uralet-saa,uralet-mrd,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-slk,uralet-samm2,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *gwal-
Russian meaning: идти (импер.)
English meaning: to go (imper.)
Georgian: Old Georg. gwale
Svan: gwal, gwäle
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 60, EWK 81-82. Ср. алт. *gele 'идти, приходить' (хотя вокализм неясен).
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *k̂ā-
Meaning : to go
Proto-South Dravidian: *sā- Proto-North Dravidian : *kā- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-ndr,dravet-bra,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *sā-
Meaning : to go, proceed
Tamil : cāy (-v-, -nt-)
Tamil meaning : to march in crowds, happen, succeed
Kannada : sāgu
Kannada meaning : to go, move forward, proceed, advance, continue in time, last, come upon with grievous effect (as trouble), be brought about, achieved, or accomplished
Kannada derivates : sāgu, sāga advance, improvement, cultivation, tillage; sāgavaḷi, sāguvaḷi cultivation; sāgisu to cause to go or go on, carry on, cause to proceed or advance, perform or do, conduct, carry on, manage, convey, sustain, maintain, foster, nourish, cultivate
Tulu : sāguni
Tulu meaning : to proceed, progress (as work), be dispatched (as goods), move forward, advance
Tulu derivates : sāgu prosecution, progress, as of work; sāgāvuni to expedite (as work), send, dispatch (as goods), do a thing perfunctorily; sāguvaḷi, sāgoḷi, sāgvaḷi farming, tillage, cultivation of land
Number in DED : 2430
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *Sāg-
Meaning : (man) becomes old, (span of time) is past, (disease) is cured, (possessions) are moved from one house to another
Kota : cāg- (cāyg-)
Additional forms : Also Kota cāgc- (cāgc-) to live, shift (possessions) from one house to another
Number in DED : 2430
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *cā-g-
Meaning : to go on, proceed, get on, advance, continue, last, be successful, be effective, take effect; n. cultivation, tillage
Telugu : cāgu
Dialectal forms (1) : sāgu
Additional forms : Also sāgincu to conduct, carry on, proceed with, continue; sāgubaḍi cultivation, tillage
Notes : Telugu forms with s- borrowed from Kannada.
Number in DED : 2430
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_2,telet-addition,telet-notes,telet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *kā-
Meaning : to go
Kurukh : kānā (past keras, fut. kālos, kāos; imper. kalā; gerund kālā) "to go, lead to (as a road), progress favourably, go on, continue, perish, pass (of time), come to an end, (stomach) has diarrhoea, bring oneself to, be able to
Malto : kāle "(no past tense) to go, come to"
Number in DED : 1419
ndret-meaning,ndret-prnum,ndret-kur,ndret-mlt,ndret-dednum,
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Brahui etymology :
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Brahui : kā-
Meaning : (pres. indef. kāv, kās, kāe, kān, kāre, kār; pres.fut. kāva, kāsa, kāik, kāna, kāre, kāra; kāmbo let us (incl.) go) "to go, depart, etc." (see hi-n-ing)
Number in DED : 1419
braet-meaning,braet-prnum,braet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : walk, roam, ford
Austric : PAN *kali 'canal, ditch'?
African (misc.) : Cf. Bantu *-kíd- 'pass; surpass'.
Notes : ? Slav. гулять (Cf. Kartv.)
Reference : МССНЯ 332, ОССНЯ 1, 293-294, ND 616 *gUlE. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-afr,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gal-
Meaning: go, enter
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-brb,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-omo,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 433
Proto-Semitic: *gVwVl-
Meaning: 'go'
Arabic: gwl [-u-]
Notes: Secondary interfix -w-. Cf. Arab glw 'migrate, resettle'
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-notes,
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Berber etymology :
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Proto-Berber: *gVl(Vw)-
Meaning: 'go'
Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): glu
brbet-prnum,brbet-meaning,brbet-qbl,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *gVl-
Meaning: 1 'run', 2 'follow'
Sha: gal 1 {JgR]
Kulere: gul 2 [JgR]
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-sha,wchet-klr,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *gal-
Meaning: 'follow'
Buduma=Yedina: gā́là [lBud]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-bud,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gal-
Meaning: 'go out' 1, 'lead, accompany' 2
Ndam: gál-ǯóŋo [CLR: 165]
Tobanga (=Gabri Nord): gǝ̀le 2 [CTC]
Mobu (dial. Kwang): gale
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-ndm,echet-tob,echet-mob,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *gal-/*gil-
Meaning: 'run' 1, 'go' 2
Saho: gil 1
Afar (Danakil): gal 2
Notes: SA reflects an alternation *a ̃ *i
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-saho,shoet-afar,shoet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *gal-
Meaning: 'enter'
Somali: gal-
Oromo (Galla): gala
Arbore: gal-
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-som,lecet-oro,lecet-arb,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *gal-
Meaning: 'enter'
Burji (Bambala, Dashe): gal-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-bmb,
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Omotic etymology :
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Proto-Omotic: *gal-
Meaning: 'enter'
Ometo: gal-
Anfillo (Southern Mao): gal-
omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,omoet-anf,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɣáɫʔV
Meaning: to step over, ford
Comments and references : WFR (not quite secure). [ST transferred to *xḳɨ̆́wɫV].
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ɣaɫʔV̆
Meaning: step; interval between legs
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *gVlV Notes: A Nakh-Avar isogloss.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *ʁa ( ~ -ā-)
Meaning: 1 step 2 interval between legs, groin
Chechen: ʁa-š 1
Ingush: ʁa 1
Batsbi: ʁa 2
Comments: In Chech. the root is used only in the former plural form (ʁa-š) with the meaning 'a side-step'. 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing., 8th class in Bacb.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *gVlV
Meaning: step
Avar: gáli
Comments: Av. paradigm C (galú-l, gála-bi).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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