Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kura

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: deep valley

Russian meaning: глубокая долина

Old Japanese: kura, kura-tani

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *goblu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: valley

Russian meaning: долина

Turkic: *Kōl

Mongolian: *gowl

Tungus-Manchu: *gola

Korean: *kōr

Japanese: *kura

Comments: EAS 48, KW 150, SKE 121, Martin 245, Whitman 1985, 191, 222, Martin 1996, 39, АПиПЯЯ 19, 70. Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 139.; the isolated Manchu form may be < Mong. (see TMN 1, 439, Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 91), but not necessarily so.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kōl

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: valley

Russian meaning: долина

Karakhanid: qol (MK)

Turkish: kol (dial.)

Tatar: qul

Middle Turkic: qol (B)

Uighur: qol (dial.)

Sary-Yughur: qol 'gutter'

Turkmen: Gōl

Khakassian: xol

Tuva: xol

Kirghiz: qol

Bashkir: qul (dial.)

Balkar: qol

Kumyk: qol

Comments: VEWT 277, Лексика 90-91, EDT 615 (confused with *Kol 'arm'), ЭСТЯ 6, 43-46.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gowl

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: river; river valley, centre

Russian meaning: река; долина реки, центр

Written Mongolian: ɣoul

Middle Mongolian: qol (SH), ɣol (MA)

Khalkha: gol

Buriat: gol

Kalmuck: ɣol

Ordos: Gol

Dongxian: Gon

Dagur: gol (Тод. Даг. 132), gole (MD 152)

Shary-Yoghur: Gol

Monguor: Gor (SM 125), (MGCD Gol)

Mogol: ɣōl

Comments: KW 149-150, MGCD 298, 300. The meaning 'centre' in Mong. is obviously secondary ( < 'river bed', 'river centre', despite Doerfer TMN 1, 438 who thinks of an opposite semantic development).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gola

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: valley

Russian meaning: долина

Literary Manchu: golo

Comments: ТМС 1, 160. Manch. golo 'valley, watershed' has also acquired the meaning 'land between two rivers' and 'administrative region'. With the latter meaning it was borrowed into Ud. golo 'people', Nan. Golo id., (Bik.) 'region, locality'.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kōr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: valley

Russian meaning: долина

Modern Korean: kōl

Middle Korean: kōr

Comments: Nam 51, KED 156.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gowlV

Meaning: valley, deep

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: ? Balt. *gil- 'deep'

Altaic: *goblu

Uralic: *kolV 'rift, cleft, interval' (?)

Dravidian: *kol- (?)

References: ND 620 *gowlu 'deep, valley'; GE 6 *ḳolo 'hole' (with much confusion).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 345

Proto: *kolV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: rift, cleft, interval

German meaning: Ritze, Riss, Spalt, Zwischenraum

Finnish: kolo 'Loch, Einschnitt, Öffnung'

Estonian: kolu (gen. kolu) 'Vertiefung'

Saam (Lapp): kållō (L) 'Gletscherspalte; Spalte im Grund, Eis'

Udmurt (Votyak): kwald- (S) 'sich spalten', kwaldị̑- (G) 'id., losgehen'

Komi (Zyrian): kolas (Lu.), kova^.s (P) 'Zwischenraum, Abstand', ko^.las (PO) 'Spalte, Zwischenraum'

Khanty (Ostyak): kɔḷ (V), χul (DN), χol (O)

Mansi (Vogul): kal (TJ P), χal (KU So.) (N χalėŋ 'mit Zwischenraum' > Khanty χalaŋ 'редкий, неплотный'), kɛ̮lt- (TJ), kē̮lt- (P), χalit- (So.) 'spalten'

Hungarian: halok, halk, hajk, hajik, hajok, hak, hakk, halyk, holyk, holyka (dial.) 'Einschnitt im Baum; herausgeschnittenes Stück aus dem Baum; Span; Scholle'

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kol-

Meaning : valley, bay

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kol-i

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kol-i

Meaning : valley, bay

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malayalam : kolli

Malayalam meaning : valley, corner

Kannada : kolli, kolle

Kannada meaning : a bend, corner, gulf, bay

Kodagu : kolli

Kodagu meaning : small stream with rocky bed

Tulu : kolli

Tulu meaning : a bay

Number in DED : 2137

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : valley

Eurasiatic : *gowlV

Afroasiatic : *gVl- 'valley, depth' (Cush., berb.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳălhV (or rather PNC *ḳ_ɨ̆wɫV 'gorge')

Reference : ND 620.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳălhV́

Meaning: lake, river

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳălhV

Sino-Tibetan: *k-luaŋ (/ *kruaŋ)

Comments and references : NSC 55 *ḳ(w)AlHV. Cf. *xḳɨ̆́wɫV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳălhV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lake

Proto-Tsezian: *ḳara

Proto-Dargwa: *ḳaw

Notes: A Tsez-Darg. isogloss.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ḳara

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lake

Khvarshi: ḳara (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: ḳara

Bezhta: ḳā

Gunzib: ḳara

Comments: PGB *ḳara (cf. also Bezht. Tlad., Khosh. ḳärä).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ḳaw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: lake, pool

Akusha: ḳaw

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kharb. ḳaw id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *luaŋ (k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: interior; valley

Chinese: 容 *loŋ hold, contain; interior, inside.

Tibetan: luŋ valley, kluŋ river, kluŋs cultivated land, field (cf. also lʒ́oŋs a large valley).

Burmese: lwaŋ unoccupied space beyond houses; khjauŋh (OB khloŋ) stream, brook; hlǝuŋ 'cave, niche'

Kachin: lǝgjoŋ a ravine.

Lushai: tloŋ (LS) the Delaswari river.

Comments: Cf. *kruaŋ 'river, valley': the two roots are sometimes hard do distinguish. Cf. PAA *loŋ / *luŋ 'valley, deep place'; *kluaŋ 'middle, inside'; SM *loŋ 'in, into', Tai *kla:ŋ 'middle', *glo:ŋ 'channel'; PAN PAN *baqeluŋ 'small shallow body of water'. [For "valley" cf. also PAA *lVŋ 'field, land'].

Chinese characters :

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