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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kúrá-
Meaning: dark
Russian meaning: темный
Old Japanese: kura-
Middle Japanese: kúrá-
Tokyo: kùra-
Kyoto: kúrà-
Kagoshima: kúra-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ū́ŕu
Meaning: red, reddish; brown, dark
Russian meaning: красный; коричневый, темный
Comments: See a detailed account in Miller-Street 1975, 116ff (with literature), АПиПЯЯ 283, Дыбо 12. Unlike Miller-Street, we leave aside the name of the "ferret" (linking instead Turk. *kɨŕ-ɨl 'red' and TM *xuri-), as well as PJ *kùruá 'black' (having a different accent). It is interesting to note metal names derived from this root: Turk. *kɨŕɨl 'gold' (see Лексика 403-404) = Mong. kürel 'bronze' = Kor. kùrí 'copper'. PT *Kɨ̄r 'grey' could be perhaps compared separately with PM *kiraɣa 'dusk before dawn', cf. Владимирцов 338. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kɨ̄ŕ-
Meaning: red
Russian meaning: красный
Old Turkic: qɨzɨl (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: qɨzɨl (MK, KB) Turkish: kɨzɨl
Tatar: qɨzɨl
Middle Turkic: qɨzɨl (MA) Uzbek: qizil
Uighur: qizil
Sary-Yughur: qizil
Azerbaidzhan: Gɨzɨl
Turkmen: Gɨzɨl
Khakassian: xɨzɨl
Shor: qɨzɨl
Oyrat: qɨzɨl
Halaj: qɨzɨl
Chuvash: xǝrlǝ
Yakut: kɨhɨl
Dolgan: kɨhɨl
Tuva: qɨzɨl
Tofalar: qɨzɨl
Kirghiz: qɨzɨl
Kazakh: qɨzɨl
Noghai: qɨzɨl
Bashkir: qɨδɨl
Balkar: qɨzɨl
Gagauz: qɨzɨl
Karaim: qɨzɨl
Karakalpak: qɨzɨl
Salar: Gɨzil
Kumyk: qɨzɨl
Comments: PT *Kɨŕ-ɨl 'red' is derived from *Kɨ̄ŕ- 'to redden; glow' (Turkm. Gɨz-, Tur. kɨz- etc.), where length is witnessed by Yak. kɨ̄s-. One has to assume shortening in polysyllabic derivatives (besides *Kɨŕɨl also *Kɨŕ-ɨk-, *Kɨŕl-ar-), with secondary analogical shortening in Turkm. Gɨz-; see VEWT 269, EDT 681, 683-4, TMN 3, 469, Лексика 602-603, ЭСТЯ 6, 187-189, 194-196, Stachowski 167. Cf. also *Kɨ̄r 'grey' (VEWT 265, TMN 3, 567, ЭСТЯ 6, 229-230). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *küre- (*küri)
Meaning: (dark) brown
Russian meaning: коричневый, бурый
Written Mongolian: küreŋ, kürin, küren (L 505) Khalkha: xüren
Buriat: xüri(n)
Kalmuck: kürŋ̣
Ordos: küriŋ, küreŋ
Shary-Yoghur: kureŋ
Monguor: kurē 'tacheté à peau rayée' (SM 216) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xuri-
Meaning: grey
Russian meaning: серый
Evenki: uri-m
Negidal: ōjịn
Ulcha: χoj-pụ(n)
Nanai: χō-gǯõ, (Он.) xōrbor Comments: ТМС 2, 285 (this root should be kept distinct from the form kuri, attested in some languages and borrowed from Mong.). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kùrí
Meaning: copper
Russian meaning: медь
Modern Korean: kuri
Middle Korean: kùrí
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳurV
Meaning: blood, red
Comments: Cf. also Esk. *kavir-(u) 'red'.
References: МССНЯ 345, ОСНЯ 1, 360; ND 1163 *Ḳur[Xu] 'blood' (IE+Drav + very dubious Ah. and Arab.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,nostret-esk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *krewa-
Meaning: (raw) meat, (fresh) blood
Old Indian: kravís- n. `raw flesh', krūrá- `wounded, hurt, sore'
Avestan: xrūra- 'blutig, grausig, grausam', acc. xrūm 'Stück blutiges Fleisch', xrvant- 'grauenhaft, grausig, usw.'
Old Greek: kréas, gen. kréōs, pl. kréa, gen. ion., att. kreō̂n, hom. krẹ̄ō̂n, HHom. kreáōn n. `Fleisch, Fleischstück'
Latin: cruor, -ōris m. `das rohe, dicke Blut ausserhalb des Körpers', cruentus, -a `blutig, blutbespritzt'
Celtic: MIr crō; Cymr crau, Corn crow `Blut'
Russ. meaning: сырое мясо; свежая кровь
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: кровь,
Near etymology: род. п. -и, укр. кров, ст.-слав. кръвь αἷμα (Клоц., Супр. и др.), болг. кръв, сербохорв. кр̑в, род. п. кр̏ви, словен. krȋ, kȓv, род. krvȋ, чеш. krev, род. п. krvi, слвц. krv, др.-польск. krу (Брюкнер, AfslPh 11, 131; Неринг, AfslPh 3, 479 и сл.), польск. krew, род. п. krwi, в.-луж. kréj, род. п. krwě, н.-луж. kšeẃ, kšej, полаб. k(a)rój.
Further etymology: Праслав. *kry, род. п. krъve; родственно лит. kraũjas "кровь", др.-прусск. krawian ср. р. "кровь", др.-инд. kravíṣ ср. р. "сырое мясо", авест. χrū-, вин. ед. χrūm "кусок кровавого сырого мяса", греч. κρέας ср. р. "мясо", лат. сruоr "загустевающая, текущая из раны кровь", ирл. crú, кимр. сrаu "кровь", др.-исл. hrár "сырой, несваренный", д.-в.-н. (h)rȏ -- то же, др.-инд. krūras "кровавый", авест. χrūra- "кровавый, жестокий"; см. Бернекер 1, 632; Траутман, ВSW 142 и сл.; Арr. Sprd. 362; М.--Э. 2, 274 и сл.; Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 67. Русск. кро́вный, чеш. krevný, польск. krewny = лит. krùvinas "кровавый"; см. Траутман, KZ 43, 174. Относительно первонач. склонения ср. Шпехт, KZ 62, 255.
Pages: 2,379
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *kraũ-ja- c., -jā̂ f.
Meaning: blood
Lithuanian: kraũja-s `Blut'; krùvinti `mit Blut beflecken'
Old Prussian: crauyo V. 160, krawia Ench 47:34 `Blut'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xrḗwa-, *xrawa-
Meaning: raw
Old Norse: hrā-r `roh, frisch, saftig'
Norwegian: rɔ
Swedish: rɔ
Danish: rɔ
Old English: hrēaw (hrēow) `raw, uncooked'; hrǟw `id.'
English: raw, rough
Old Saxon: hrā
Middle Dutch: raew, rau; rō
Dutch: rauw; rō
Middle Low German: rō
Old High German: { (h)rāo (rāwēr) }; (h)rō, gen. (h)rōwes (9.Jh.)
Middle High German: rou, rō, rā; rōch, rouch adj. 'roh'
German: roh
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 1038
Root: kreu-1, kreuǝ- : krū- ; kreus-, krus-
English meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust
German meaning: 1. `dickes, stockendes Blut, blutiges, rohes Fleisch', vermutlich `geronnen (vom Blut)', dazu eine 2. Gruppe kreus-, krus- für `Eis (als erstarrendes), Kruste (ursprüngl. von Eis oder Wundschorf), Eisscholle, Erdscholle' (s. unten) und verbal `frieren, schaudern (Gänsehaut)'
Derivatives: kreu̯ǝ-s- n. `rohes Fleisch', krou̯i̯o- n. `Blut', krū-s f. `Blut'
Material: A. Ai. kravís- n. `rohes Fleisch' (= gr. κρέας), kravyam n. `Blut' (*krou̯i̯o- = apr. krawian n.), krū-rá- `blutig, grausam' = av. xrūra- `blutig, grausig, grausam' (: lat. crūdus?) im Kompositum mit i- für ro-St., av. xrvi-dru- `der eine blutige Holzwaffe führt', d. i. xruvi-dru-, av. xrū- f., xrūm (= xruvǝm) Akk. `Stück blutiges Fleisch', xrvant- (d. i. xrūvant-) `grauenhaft, grausig' (: lat. cruentus), xrvī̆šyant- `blutdürstig, Grausen erregend', xrūta- `grausig, grausam', xrūnya- n. `Bluttat, blutige Mißhandlung', xrūma- `grauenhaft, grausig'; mit einer Bedeutung `*geronnen* = `dick, hart', ai. krūḍáyati `macht dick, fest', av. xrū̆ždra- `hart' (daneben wieder mit i- statt ro-St. im Kompositum xruždi-vačah- `mit derber, lauter Stimme sprechend'), xraoždva- `hart'; gr. κρέας n. `Fleisch' (*kreu̯ǝs);
lat. cruentus `blutig' (s. oben), cruor m. `das rohe, dicke Blut' (*kreu̯ōs), osk. krustatar `crusta tegitor' (Denom. von *krus-tā), lat. crusta `Kruste, Rinde, Schorf', ursprüngl. `das fest gewordene Blut auf einer Wunde' (*krŭs-tā), crūdus `roh, rauh, hart' (*krū-do-), crūdēlis `grausam, herzlos';
gall.-rom. crōdios `hart' (*kroudios);
mir. crú (*krūs), Gen. cráu, cró (*kruu̯os), cymr. crau, corn. crow (*kruu̯ā) `Blut' (s. Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), air. crūaid (*kroudis) `hart, fest', bret. kriz (*krūdis) `cru, cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; nicht Lw. aus lat. crūdus); das d im Kelt. und Lat. durch Dissimil. aus r?
lit. kraũjas `Blut' (: ai. kravya-m), apr. crauyo, krawian ds., lit. krùvinas `blutig', krùvinu `mache blutig', Partiz. krùvintas `blutig gemacht', lett. kreve `geronnenes Blut, Schorf, Kruste';
slav. *kry (*krūs), Gen. *krъve `Blut' in slov. krî, apoln. kry, aksl. krъvь; aksl. krъvьnъ `blutig' (= lit. krùvinaš);
ahd. (h)rō, (h)rawēr, as. hrā, ags. hrēaw, aisl. hrār `roh' (*hrawa-).
B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. Καύκασις `Kaukasus' (als `eis-glänzend');
gr. τὸ κρύος `Frost' (= *κρύσος?), κρυσταίνω `mache gefrieren', κρύσταλλος `Eis; Kristall', κρῡμός `Frost' (*κρυσμός), von κρύος abgeleitet (?) κρυόεις `schauerlich', κρυερός `schauerlich, grausam';
aisl. hriōsa, hraus `schaudern', hrjōstr n. `rauher Boden' (: lat. crusta), ahd. (h)roso, (h)rosa `Eis, Kruste' (dazu auch der Name des Monte Rosa), ags. hrūse `Erde, Grund' (diese s-Formen in Beziehung zu τὸ κρύος und:)
lett. kruvesis, kruesis `gefrorener Kot', lit. atkrũsti, Prät. -krūsaũ `wiederaufleben, von Erfrorenem' (`*auffrieren'); Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 291.
Ohne -s- vermutlich norw. dial. ryggja `schaudern' (vgl. κρυερός), viel fraglicher ags. hrēoh `rauh (vom Wetter), betrübt, wild'.
References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1 (1922), 3 ff.
Pages: 621-622
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kurud-
Meaning : blood; red colour
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kurud-
Meaning : blood, red liquid
Tamil : kuruti
Tamil meaning : blood, red colour
Malayalam : kuruti
Malayalam meaning : blood
Kannada : kurudi
Kannada meaning : (Hav.) coloured red water
Tulu : kurdi (BRR), kurudi (Bhattacharya)
Tulu meaning : red liquid prepared by mixing turmeric and lime, used for auspicious purposes
Number in DED : 1788
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-dednum,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *qaju-
Meaning: blood broth, soup
Russian meaning: кровяная похлебка, суп
Comments: Probably a borrowing from PKCh *kej(v)i- 'to boil (food), to roast'. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 293
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-newcom,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *qaju-
Meaning: broth, soup, tea 1, blood broth 2, to drink (soup, tea) 3
Russian Meaning: мясной бульон, чай 1, кровяной отвар 2, пить (суп, чай) 3
Sirenik: qajǝ́χ 1
Chaplino: qajúq (t), kajúk* 1, qajúʁaquq, käjúʁakuŋa* (neutr.) 3
Naukan: qajúq 1, qajítāquq, qajútāquq 3
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qajuq 1, 2
Central Alaskan Yupik: qajuq 1, 2
Nunivak (Peripheral): qajoq* 1
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 293
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-sir,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *qạjų-
Meaning: broth, soup 1, blood broth 2
Russian meaning: бульон, суп 1, кровяной отвар 2
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qajuq 2, 1, qajusāq 'flour boiled with water'
SPI Dialects: Imaq qajúq 1, 2, qajúsaq 'cereal, gruel', W qajoq* (uk, qässut) 1
North Alaskan Inupik: qajuq 'tea', 2, 1, qajukɫak 'ripple on surface of snow, slush on water'
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qajoq* 1
Western Canadian Inupik: qajuq 2
WCI Dialects: Cor, W qajoq* 1
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qajuq 1, 2
Greenlandic Inupik: qajuq (qajoq*) 1, qajūšat pl. 'flour', qajuʁɫak 'froth on soup'
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 293, 294
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVRV
Meaning : blood, red
African (misc.) : Bantu *-kúdà 'red colour'.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-scc,globet-afr,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *gVrV
Meaning: blood, wound (?)
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *gir
Meaning: water that flows from a wound
Nagar: gir
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *gor̄i
Meaning: 1 red 2 raw 3 robust, fresh 4 rude, cruel 5 yolk of egg 6 meat of roasted chestnut
Araban: gorri 1, corrinco 5
Bizkaian: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5, 6
Gipuzkoan: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
High Navarrese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Low Navarrese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Salazarese: gorri 4, gorringo 5
Lapurdian: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Baztanese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorringo 5
Zuberoan: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, 4, gorrinko 5
Roncalese: gorri 1, gordin 2, 3, gorrinko 5
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-arb,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,
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