Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùrùa (~ -ruâ)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dike, boundary

Russian meaning: насыпь, межа

Old Japanese: kur(w)o (in kur(w)o-tuka "embankment on boundary")

Middle Japanese: kùró

Tokyo: kúro

Kyoto: kúró

Comments: The Kyoto accent is irregular: all other evidence points either to *kùrúa or to *kùruâ.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ori

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hill; embankment, boundary

Russian meaning: холм; насыпь, межа

Turkic: *Korum

Mongolian: *küri

Tungus-Manchu: *xurē

Korean: *kòráŋ

Japanese: *kùrùa (~ -ruâ)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 291. The comparison seems satisfactory (the Jpn.-Kor. link see in Kanezawa 47); an alternative Austronesian etymology of the Jpn. word, however, can be found in Kawamoto 1977, 33. Cf. also Mong. kürmen 'basalt'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Korum

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: rock, cliff, heap of stones

Russian meaning: скала, куча камней

Karakhanid: qorum (MK, KB)

Uighur: qoram

Khakassian: xorɨm

Shor: qorum

Oyrat: qorum

Tuva: xorum

Kirghiz: qorum

Comments: EDT 660, VEWT 283, Лексика 99.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *küri

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 precipice 2 rock, stone

Russian meaning: 1 обрыв 2 камень

Written Mongolian: küri 1 (МХТТТ)

Middle Mongolian: kuri (IM, MA, Lig. VMI) 2

Khalkha: xür 1

Mogol: ZM, KT kuri 2

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xurē

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mountain

Russian meaning: гора

Evenki: ure

Even: urekčen

Negidal: ujē

Spoken Manchu: vexē 'stone, rock'(2110)

Literary Manchu: wexe 'stone'

Jurchen: h(i)ur-xe (52) 'stone'

Ulcha: xure(n)

Orok: xure

Nanai: xure(n)

Oroch: uwe, ue

Udighe: wē (Корм. 219), we, ue

Solon: ure

Comments: ТМС 2, 289.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kòráŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: embankment, boundary, furrow

Russian meaning: насыпь, межа, борозда

Modern Korean: kōl, koraŋ

Middle Korean: kòráŋ

Comments: Liu 63, HMCH 163, KED 138, 156.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gʷVrV

Meaning: mountain, hill

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gʷer(w)-

Altaic: *k`ori

Uralic: *kurV (cf. also *kurV, *korkV)

Kartvelian: *gora

Dravidian: *kùr_- (*-d_-) (?)

Eskimo-Aleut: *qarǝ-qa- (-qi-) (or ? *ujʁa 'stone')

References: ND 667 *gUrʕV 'mount, hill' (Kartv. + SH?), 929 *kur(Vh)V 'hill, mountain' (IE + Ur + Drav + SH); 1139 *Ḳo/urV 'rock, isolated mountain' (Alt. + same Ur. and Drav.; the reconstruction *ḳ- is actually done only on the basis of Arab. qārat- 'colline isolée' - which in fact has an alternative etymology!!). Thus we have three roots instead of a simple one... [Cf. PAA *gɔ:r 'mountain, forest'].

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gʷar(w)-/-e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: mountain

Old Indian: girí- m. `mountain'

Avestan: gairi- 'Berg'

Old Greek: dẹ̄rás, -ádos f., Cret. dērás GDI 5024.19 `Anhöhe, Bergrücken', <dẹ̄̂ros n.> deîros, -eos n. = deirás Hsch. {dẹ̄rā́ 'mountain range' (Pind. -not found!}; ? Boréā-s, aeol. Boríais, ion. Boréēs, Borē̂s, att. Borrā̂s m. 'north wind; the north'

Slavic: *gorā

Baltic: *gur-a- c

Russ. meaning: гора

References: WP I 682, Buck 25, 48.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *gur-a-

Meaning: mountain spur

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: gùra-s 'Bergvorsprung'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 720

Root: gʷer-3, gʷor-

English meaning: mountain

German meaning: `Berg'

Grammatical comments: ursprüngl. Flexion gʷores, Gen. gʷ_eros

Material: Ai. girí-ḥ m. `Berg', av. gairi- ds.;

    alb. gur `Felsen, Stein' (gʷ_eri-);

    gr. δειρός (Hes.) `Hügel', ὑψίδειρος `mit hohen Klippen', δειράς, kret. δηράς f. `Hügel, Anhöhe' (*gʷeri̯o-?); dazu βορέᾱς `Nordwind' (zu *βόρειος `montanus', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 461 und Anm. 2); βαρύες δένδρα Hes.?;

    der thrak. VN ̔Υπερ-βορέοι `die jenseits des Berges Wohnenden' enthält wohl das gr. Lw. *βορις;

    lit nugarà `Rücken, Bergrücken';

    mit der Bedeutungsentwicklung `Berg - (Berg)wald - Baum': lit. gìrė, girià `Wald', lett. dziŕē ds., und apr. garian n. (Akk. garrin) `Baum'; ferner lett. garš `Wald', gãršas `Sumpf';

    aksl. gora `Berg', skr. gòra `Berg, Wald', usw.

References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqu. décl. lat. 37, 66.

Pages: 477-478

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1362

Proto: *kurV(-ka)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hill, elevation

German meaning: Hügel, Anhöhe, Landrücken

Estonian: kuruk (gen. kuruka) (dial.) 'kleiner Landrücken' ?

Saam (Lapp): kårrå (L) 'länglicher, niedriger, mit Kiefernwald bewachsener Landrücken; freiliegender (niedriger) Bergrücken' ?

Mari (Cheremis): kǝ̑rǝ̑k (KB), kurǝ̑k (U), kurǝ̑k, kuruk (B) 'Berg, Anhöhe, Hügel' ? [if not to *korkV 'hoch']

Komi (Zyrian): ki̮r (S) 'steiler Abhang am Fluß, steiles Flußufer', ki̮r (P) 'id. (in comp.)', kør (PO) 'id. (in comp.) ?; [kvark-vož 'хребет Урала' - rejected by Redei] [if not to *korkV 'hoch']

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *gora

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: горка, холм

English meaning: hillock

Georgian: gora-

Megrel: gola-, gwala-

Laz: gola-

Laz meaning (Rus.): летняя кочевка

Laz meaning (Eng.): summer nomadizing

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 64. Ср. ПИЕ *gʷer- 'гора', алт. *k`ori 'холм'. Климов (1994, 175-176) предполагает заимствование из ПИЕ, что маловероятно; скорее налицо исконное родство.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kùr_- (*-d_-)

Meaning : name of a mountain tribe

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kur_-

Proto-Telugu : *kor_-av-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kur_-

Meaning : tribal name

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kur_am

Tamil meaning : Kur_ava tribe, palmistry as practised by Kur_ava women

Tamil derivates : kur_avan_ man of a caste of fowlers, snake-catchers, basket-makers, and fortune-tellers; fem. kur_atti, kur_avi, kur_avañci; kur_avāṇar the Kur_ava tribe of the mountain; kur_iñci hilly tract; kur_icci village in the hilly tract; village; kur_umpar petty chieftains; an aboriginal tribe; hunters; a caste of shepherds who weave blankets; kur_umpu petty chieftains; a class of savages supposed to form a part of the aborigines of south India; village

Malayalam : kur_avan

Malayalam meaning : wandering tribe of basket-makers, snake-catchers, and gipsies

Malayalam derivates : kur_icci hill country; kur_icciyan a hill tribe; kur_umpan shepherd; caste of mountaineers in Wayanāḍu; kur_uppu a chief

Kannada : kor_ava, kor_ama

Kannada meaning : man of a now settled tribe who make blankets, mats, etc., are musicians, etc.

Kannada derivates : fem. kor_avañji, kor_avati, kor_aviti (commonly fortune-tellers); kor_aca a thievish wandering hill tribe that sell wooden combs, etc.; kur_uba man of the shepherd caste; kur_umba a caste of mountaineers; kur_ike village

Kodagu : kurubë

Kodagu meaning : shepherd; (Shanmugam) Kuruba caste man

Kodagu derivates : fem. kurubati

Tulu : korage

Tulu meaning : man of a tribe that feeds on carrion and whose women wear leaves

Tulu derivates : fem. korapaḷu; koraji, koraju a serpent charmer; kurube shepherd

Proto-Nilgiri : *kur-

Number in DED : 1844

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kur-

Meaning : man of Kurumba tribe living in the Nilgiri jungles

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Toda : kurb

Additional forms : Also Toda fem. kurč, kurbč

Number in DED : 1844

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kor_-av-

Meaning : name of a tribe that feeds on carrion and whose women wear leaves

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kor_ava

Additional forms : Also fem. korapaḷu; [1] koraji, [2] koraju a serpent charmer; kurube shepherd

Number in DED : 1844

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *qarǝ-qa- (-qi-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: mountain, hill, to climb up

Russian meaning: гора, холм, взбираться

Proto-Yupik: *qarǝ-q(a)- (-qi-)

Proto-Inupik: *qatqa-, *qatqi-

Comments: Derived from qarǝ- 'top, upper part'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 274

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *qarǝ-q(a)- (-qi-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: steep of bank 1, to reach the top 2

Russian Meaning: круча берега, обрыв 1, подняться на вершину 2

Chaplino: qāsqaq (t) 1, //qasqit- 2

Naukan: qajǝ́χpiɣáq 'top of the mountain'

Central Alaskan Yupik: qasqitǝ- 2, 'to scale up'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 274

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *qatqa-, *qatqi-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: mountain 1, to reach the top 2

Russian meaning: гора 1, подняться на вершину 2

North Alaskan Inupik: qatqit- 2, 'to be in one's prime'

NAI Dialects: Qaw qatqit- 2

WCI Dialects: Cop qatqaq 1 [Ras.], EP qatqa 'top of hill' [Ow.]

Eastern Canadian Inupik: qaqqaq 1, 'hill'

Greenlandic Inupik: qaqqaq 1, qaqqit- 'to ascend a mountain, to go into mountains'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 274

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : mountain, hill

Eurasiatic : *gʷVrV

Afroasiatic : *kur- (also some forms with *g-)

Sino-Caucasian : *GwērV

African (misc.) : Bantu *-gùdù 'hill'.

Reference : ND 667, 929.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kur-

Meaning: mountain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *kir- 'hill'

Central Chadic: *ku/wari 'stone' 1, 'mountain' 2

Low East Cushitic: *kur- 'mountain'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *kir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hill'

Gerke=Yiwom: kir [Fp]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ku/wari

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stone' 1, 'mountain' 2

Dghwede=Zǝɣwana: kwire 1 [IL]

Glavda: ákura 1 [Rp]

Guduf: khúrà 1 [IL]

Logone: kur 2 [LLog]

Kusseri: kur 2 [Lk]

Musgu: kurı́ı́ 1 [LMsg]

Notes: cp. HSED 1552 *ḳar- 'mountain'

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *kur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'mountain'

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *GwērV́

Meaning: stone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *GwērV

Yenisseian: *Kar

Burushaski: *qhor-

Basque: *gor̄, *gogor̄

Comments and references : NSC 57 *GwVrV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *GwērV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stone

Proto-Nakh: *qēra

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ur (~ʁ-,-o-,-l)

Notes: A Nakh-Tsez. isogloss.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *qēra

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stone

Chechen: qēra

Ingush: qera

Batsbi: qer

Comments: 6th class in all languages.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁ:ur (~ʁ-,-o-,-l)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stone

Tsezi: ʁIul

Khvarshi: ʁur

Inkhokvari: ʁur

Comments: PTsKh *ʁuR.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *Kar

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mountain

Arin: kar (М, Срсл)

Comments: Werner 2, 411, 412 (w.r.).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhor-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: small stones

Yasin: xóro

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *gor̄, *gogor̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 deaf 2 (physically) hard, (mentally) hard, cruel

Bizkaian: gor 1, gogor 2

Gipuzkoan: gor 1, gogor 2

High Navarrese: gogor 2

Low Navarrese: gor 1, gogor 2

Salazarese: gogor 2

Lapurdian: gor 1, gogor 2

Baztanese: gogor 2

Aezkoan: gogor 2

Zuberoan: gor 1, gogor 2

Roncalese: gogor 2

Comments: For the semantic relationship of 'deaf' and 'hard' (~ PEC 'stone'), cf. Eng. 'hard of hearing', 'stone deaf', Span. duro de oído (Hualde 1995).

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