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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *níph
Meaning: leaf
Russian meaning: лист
Modern Korean: ip [iph]
Middle Korean: níp (níph-)
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *li̯àp`[à]
Meaning: leaf
Russian meaning: лист
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *japur-gak
Meaning: leaf
Russian meaning: лист
Old Turkic: japɨrɣaq (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: japurɣaq (MK) Turkish: japrak
Tatar: jafraq
Middle Turkic: japɨrɣan (Abush.), j[a]praq (MA) Uzbek: japrɔq
Uighur: jopurmaq
Azerbaidzhan: jarpaG
Turkmen: japraq
Oyrat: d́albɨraq
Yakut: sebirdex
Dolgan: hebirdek
Tuva: čövüree 'bark'
Tofalar: čö'prää 'bark'
Kirghiz: ǯalbɨraq
Kazakh: žapɨraq
Noghai: japɨraq
Bashkir: japraq
Balkar: čapraq
Gagauz: japraq
Karaim: japrax
Karakalpak: žapɨraq
Salar: järfɨχ
Kumyk: japraq
Comments: VEWT 188, EDT 879-80, ЭСТЯ 4, 130-132, Лексика 111-112, Stachowski 100. Clauson derives *japur-gak from *japur- 'to smoothe, level', which is an obvious contamination - just as the contamination with *jalpɨ- 'flat' (v. sub *dĕ̀lp`à) in some languages. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *labči
Meaning: leaf
Russian meaning: лист
Written Mongolian: nabči(n) (L 555) Middle Mongolian: nabučin (HY 7), nabčin (MA), nabčīn (Lig.VMI) Khalkha: navč
Buriat: nabša
Kalmuck: napčǝ
Ordos: nabči
Dongxian: lačǝn
Baoan: labčoŋ
Shary-Yoghur: ɫabǯǝg
Monguor: la(b)śʒ́i (SM 218), (MGCD labǯi) monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *nàpài
Meaning: sprout
Russian meaning: росток
Old Japanese: nape
Middle Japanese: nàfè
Tokyo: náe
Kyoto: nàé
Kagoshima: naé
Comments: JLTT 490. Both Tokyo and Kyoto point to a variant *nàpái (Kagoshima is ambiguous). japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *lVṗV
Meaning: leaf, bark
Indo-European: *lep- (Gr. lépō, lepís, lopís, Lith. lãpas etc.; WP II 429f) + *loup-, *loubh- (?); also *lap- 2720
Comments: МССНЯ 351, ОСНЯ 2, 33-34 has *loṗV 'to peel' ( = ND 1319 *l̄up(V)ʔa 'bast, bark') - with addition of PU *loppV 'bark basket' (Coll. 96) and Ewk. Sev.-Baik. lop- 'to peel'. Perhaps indeed two roots?
References: ОСНЯ 2, 33-34; ND 1314 *ḷe[ʔ]äpa 'leaf, foliage'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-esk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 515
Proto: *lEpV (*lepV)
English meaning: leaf
German meaning: Blatt
Finnish: leve (gen. lepeen) 'Splitter, Schuppe, Blättchen, Flocke'
Khanty (Ostyak): ḷi̮wǝt (V), lipǝt (DN O) 'Blatt'
Mansi (Vogul): laptā (TJ), ɫöṗṭǝ (Kū), luptǝ (P), lūpta (So.)
Hungarian: levél (acc. levelet) 'Blatt, Brief'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-khn,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *lap-an-
Russian meaning: луб, лыко
English meaning: bast
Georgian: lapan-
Megrel: lipon-
Notes and references: См. ОСНЯ 2, 34, где основа выводится из ностр. *Lop`V 'ободранная кора' (ср. скорее ПИЕ *lep-, алт. *liap`e 'лист').
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-meg,kartet-notes,
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Eskimo etymology :
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Proto-Eskimo: *Napar
Meaning: tree (foliar)
Russian meaning: дерево (лиственное)
Comments: The connection with *ńapa-(ʁ-) 'to stand erected, pole, mast' may be secondary. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 216
esqet-prnum,esqet-meaning,esqet-rmean,esqet-yup,esqet-inup,esqet-newcom,esqet-refer,
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Yupik etymology :
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Proto-Yupik: *Napa
Meaning: tree (growing) 1, asp 2
Russian Meaning: дерево (растущее) 1, осина 2
Chaplino: napǝ́na (t) 2
Naukan: napáχtuq 1
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: napaq 1
Central Alaskan Yupik: napa 1
Nunivak (Peripheral): napalẹʁia* 3sg.? 1
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 216
yupet-prnum,yupet-mean,yupet-rmean,yupet-chap,yupet-nauk,yupet-aay,yupet-cay,yupet-nun,yupet-ced,
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Inupik etymology :
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Proto-Inupik: *näpạaqtu-, *napar-
Meaning: tree 1, moutain ash 2
Russian meaning: дерево 1, горный ясень 2
Seward Peninsula Inupik: navāqtuq 1
SPI Dialects: Imaq naváqtoq 1, W nävāχtu(q)* (ūk, ut)
North Alaskan Inupik: napāqtuq 1
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl näpāqtoq* 1, Qaw naparut pl. 1
Western Canadian Inupik: napāqtuq 1
WCI Dialects: Cor nẹpāqtoq* 1, M näpāqtoq* 1
Eastern Canadian Inupik: napāqtuq 1
Greenlandic Inupik: napāʁtuq (napârtoq*) 2
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 216
inupet-prnum,inupet-meaning,inupet-rmean,inupet-spi,inupet-spis,inupet-nai,inupet-nais,inupet-wci,inupet-wcis,inupet-eci,inupet-gri,inupet-ced,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : LVPV
Meaning : leaf
Afroasiatic : ? *lVp- (Ar. laff-, ECush. *laHa[p])
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣ăpĭ́
Meaning: leaf
Comments and references : HGC 20, NSC 58 *ƛ̣ApE, DCE 18. Regular except for PY length which must be secondary. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ƛ̣ăpi (~-e)
Meaning: leaf
Notes: Correspondences are quite regular (except the secondary voicing *ƛ̣- > *Ł- in PWC, which is a frequent phenomenon).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ƛ̣apV (~ -o-)
Meaning: leaf
Chamalal: apal
Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gad. lapã which unambiguosly suggests PA *ƛ̣ap-. The root is isolated within Andian, but has reliable external parallels.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-chm,aandet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: č̣aṗi
Meaning: leaf
Lak form: č̣aṗi
Comments: Cf. Khosr. č̣aṗi id.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ḳa[p]i
Meaning: leaf
Akusha: ḳapi
Chiragh: ḳap:ara
Comments: The original *-p- is well preserved in Ak.; however, other dialects reflect secondary assimilated forms *ḳaṗi (cf. Kad., Ur., Muir. ḳaṗi, Mek. ḳaṗe) or *ḳap:i (cf. Kait., Tsud. ḳap:i, Kub. ḳap:e; the Chir. form is an original plural from this variant).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *Ła(m)pa (~*l-)
Meaning: leaf
Adyghe: tħāp
Kabardian: tħampa
Comments: PAK *tħá(m)pa. Abitov's and Shagirov's (2, 83) explanation ("ear"+"front part") is clearly a folk etymology. The word has quite reliable parallels in EC languages. AK > Osset. (Dig.) ṭafä 'leaf', see Abayev 1979, 350..
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăp
Meaning: leaf
Tibetan: ldeb leaf, sheet.
Burmese: ǝhlap petal of a flower.
Kachin: lap2 leaf.
Lushai: lēp the bud (of a cotton flower); the fruit (of a yam).
Lepcha: lóp a large leaf of tree
Comments: Rawang śǝlap leaves for packing food; Trung lăp1 leaf; Bahing lab; Kanauri kho-lăp 'bark'. Sh. 138; Ben. 70. The Tib. and Lush. forms were influenced by *ƛēp flat (q. v.).
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 葉
Modern (Beijing) reading: yè
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhap
Classic Old Chinese: lhap
Western Han Chinese: lhap
Eastern Han Chinese: zhap
Early Postclassic Chinese: zhap
Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhap
Late Postclassic Chinese: zhap
Middle Chinese: jep
English meaning : leaves, foliage, generation
Russian meaning[s]: 1) лист, листва; тонкая пластинка; лепесток; страница; листовой; слоистый; 2) период, эпоха; 3) 16-е число (в телеграммах); 4) Е (фамилия); [shē] 1) Шэсянь (уезд в провинции Хэнань); 2) Шэ (фамилия)
Shuowen gloss: 草木之葉也從草**聲.
Comments: Initial *lh- is suggested by Proto-Min *ńhiap / *z(h)iap (with secondary nasalisation) > Xiamen hioʔ8, Chaozhou hieʔ8, Fuzhou nuok8, Jianou cia8. The variant with *z(h)-, besides Jianou, is reflected in the Bai forms.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 5173
Karlgren code: 0633 d
Vietnamese reading: diệp
Jianchuan Bai: se6
Dali Bai: se6
Bijiang Bai: šer6
Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 6.3, 34.1_, 58.3
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1710
Character: 葉
MC description : 咸開三入葉以
ZIHUI: 0673 0378
Beijing: ie 3
Jinan: ie 3
Xi'an: ie 11
Taiyuan: iǝʔ 41
Hankou: ie 12
Chengdu: ie 12
Yangzhou: iǝʔ 4
Suzhou: iôʔ 42
Wenzhou: ɦi 42
Changsha: ie 4
Shuangfeng: iɛ 31
Nanchang: iɛt 41
Meixian: jap 42
Guangzhou: jip 42
Xiamen: iap 42 (lit.); hioʔ 42
Chaozhou: hieʔ 42
Fuzhou: ieʔ 42
Shanghai: iîʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: ie 43
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *l[ä́]p
Meaning: wing
Tulung: lapter
Kaling: 'lepti
Comments: Toba 99 *laptCV.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: la:p
Grammar: n.
Meaning: wing
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: laptɔ
Grammar: n.
Meaning: wing
Nepali: pakhetā.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: lapkhäʔwa
Stem: <lapkhäʔa>
Grammar: n.
Meaning: wing
Comments: also lapkhätciʔa.
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *jǝ̄pe
Meaning: leaf
Ket: ʌ:, pl. ʌ:ŋ
Yug: ʌ:hp, pl. ʌfɨŋ5
Kottish: d́ipi, g. d́ipī, pl. d́ipaŋ, (Бол.) iban; Ass. jipán (М., Сл., Кл.), gipan (Кл.)
Arin: ipóŋ (М., Сл., Кл.), ipin (Лоск.)
Pumpokol: xógon-dɨ́pun (Сл.)
Comments: ССЕ 232-233. Pump. efig (Кл.) 'leaf', (Срсл.) 'leaves' is in all probability the Yug plural form. Let us note that Ar. ipóŋ also means "money": it is not quite clear what to do with Pump. úppɨŋ (Сл., Срсл.) "silver" - consider an Arin borrowing? Werner 2, 416 <*d'ʌʔǝphǝ / *ʔʌʔǝphǝ>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *ltap
Meaning: 1 leaf 2 petal, page 3 to wither
Yasin: tap 1, du-ltápi- 3
Hunza: tap 2, du-ltápu- 3
Nagar: tap 2, du-ltápu- 3
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *lapa-r̄
Meaning: bramble
Bizkaian: lapar
Low Navarrese: (Aldude) lapar
Roncalese: (Uztárroz) lapar
Comments: Cf. PNC *ƛ̣ăpi 'leaf'. In Bsq the root means 'bramble bush, briar', and there is some blending among several variants with similar meanings: *lapa-r̄, *lahar̄, and *gapa-r̄, q.v., but all come from distinct etyma.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-bnv,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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