Korean etymology : List with all references

Proto-Korean: *nìrk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to read

Russian meaning: читать

Modern Korean: ik- [ilk-]

Middle Korean: nìrk-

Comments: Nam 125, KED 361.

Proto-Altaic: *ńi̯ăŕe (?*ĺ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to draw

Russian meaning: чертить, рисовать

Turkic: *jạŕ-

Mongolian: *ǯiru-

Tungus-Manchu: *ńiru-

Korean: *nìrk-

Comments: Владимирцов 188, Poppe 28, Дыбо 14. Initial *l- is possible if we relate here Jurch. lar-ru- 'to write' (809) - the PTM form in this case must be reconstructed as *liru-. Despite Doerfer's criticism (TMN 4, 69-70), the etymology seems quite plausible (and the TM forms can certainly not be explained as borrowed < Mong.).

Proto-Turkic: *jạŕ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to write

Russian meaning: писать

Karakhanid: jaz- (MK Oghuz.)

Turkish: jaz-

Tatar: jaz-

Middle Turkic: jaz- (Pav. C., Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: jɔz-

Uighur: jaz-

Azerbaidzhan: jaz-

Turkmen: jaz-

Halaj: jaz-

Chuvash: śɨr-

Kirghiz: ǯaz-

Kazakh: žaz-

Noghai: jaz-

Bashkir: jaδ-

Balkar: ǯaz-, zaz-

Gagauz: jaz-

Karaim: jaz-

Karakalpak: žaz-

Kumyk: jaz-

Comments: VEWT 193, ЭСТЯ 4, 70-71, EDT 984. Turk. > Hung. ír- (MNyTESz 2, 227-228).

Proto-Mongolian: *ǯiru-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 scratch, draw, write 2 line, row

Russian meaning: 1 царапать, рисовать, писать 2 линия, ряд

Written Mongolian: ǯiru- 1 (L 1060), ǯirum 2 (L 1061)

Middle Mongolian: ǯiru- (MA)

Khalkha: ʒura- 1, ǯuram 2

Buriat: zura-

Kalmuck: zur-

Ordos: ǯuru- 1, ǯurā 2

Dagur: ǯurī- (Тод. Даг. 145), ǯori- 'point to; draw ( a picture)' (MD 180)

Monguor: ʒ́ūri- (SM 95)

Comments: KW 481, MGCD 464. Cf. Mongr. ʒ́arGǝ̄ 'ligne de démarcation entre deux champs' (83) and WMong. ǯiruqai. Mong. > Yak. suruj, Dolg. huruj- 'write' (see Kaɫ. MEJ 23, Stachowski 113). Mong. ǯiru-ɣa `line' > Man. ǯurgan id. (see Rozycki 128).

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńiru-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to draw, write

Russian meaning: рисовать, писать

Negidal: niju-

Spoken Manchu: juru- (1391)

Literary Manchu: niru-

Ulcha: ńuru-

Orok: ńiru-

Nanai: ńiru-

Oroch: ńiru-

Solon: niruɣan 'drawing'

Comments: ТМС 1, 600. TM > Dag. niru-, nuru- (Тод. Даг. 158).

Eurasiatic: *ńVŕV

Meaning: to rub, scratch

Altaic: *ńi̯ăŕe

Uralic: *ńirV

Dravidian: *ńer-

References: ND 1616 *ńiRV 'to rub, scratch' (+ Arab.).

Number: 639

Proto: *ńirV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to scratch, scrape

German meaning: scharren, schaben

Udmurt (Votyak): ńirjal- (S), ńǝ̑rjal- (K) 'scharren, schaben, zusammenfegen'

Komi (Zyrian): ńiral- (S) 'reiben, schaben, kratzen', ńirći̮- (P) 'reiben, sich reiben', ńirt- (S P) 'reiben, schaben, kratzen' ( > Mansi KU ńǟrt-, P ńärt-, So. ńart- 'schaben')

Hungarian: nyír- 'scheren, stutzen' (altung. nyer-)

Nenets (Yurak): ńira- (Sjo. Lj.) 'nagen, benagen, mit dem Schabeisen hobeln'

Proto-Dravidian : *ńer-

Meaning : to grind

Proto-South Dravidian: *ńer-

Proto-Telugu : *ner-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *Neŋ-

Notes : PKG *Neŋ- < *Ner-ŋ-.

Proto-South Dravidian : *ńer-

Meaning : to break, crush

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : ñeri (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to break, snap off, be crushed; n. cut or broken piece

Tamil derivates : neri (-v-, -nt-) to be crushed, broken, smashed, be routed, arch, curve, bend; (-pp-, -tt-) to break to pieces, crush, press, squeeze, rub or crush with the hands as ears of corn, break the knuckles (as women in distress), crack (as the fingers), rout; n. crack, bruise, smash; nerical anything broken or cracked, corneal ulcer; nerivu cracking, pressing, crushing; variance, discord, disunion; neruŋku (neruŋki-) to be pressed, compressed, squeezed, be confined, narrow as a road or doorway, be vehement, prevail (as disease, famine, wild beasts, robbers), be urgent, be overwhelming, rebuke, be angry with; nerukku (nerukki-) to press hard, exert pressure upon, circumscribe, contract, squeeze, bruise, mash, oppress, persecute, distress, urge, importune, solicit earnestly (as a creditor), choke, smother, throttle, compel, force, coerce, attack, assail, assault, be frequent, persevere, rage, prevail (as famine), be severe (as epidemics), be abundant (as rain); nerukku, nerukkam narrowness, straitness, tightness, pressure of business, closeness of application, frequency, constancy, urgency, compulsion, restraint, coercion, distress, trouble, oppression, tyranny, harshness, severity (as of t hetimes, the weather, an epidemic), closefistedness; nerukkaṭam pressure; nekku (nekki-) to press, push; n. push, thrust; nakaḷ (nakaḷv-, nakaṇṭ-) to be crushed; neruṭu (neruṭi-) to roll in the hand, rub gently with the fingers; n. rubbing with the fingers; nari (-v-, -nt-) to torture, torment; (-pp-, -tt-) to torment, crush, perish; narippu being crushed; narukku (narukki-) to mash, crush or grind to pieces, kill, cut in pieces, mince (as vegetables), thump, hit with the knuckles; n. hitting with the knuckles; naruŋku (naruŋki-) to be mashed, crushed to pieces; narumpu (narumpi-) to gnash the teeth, cut into pieces

Malayalam : ñeriyuka

Malayalam meaning : to crack (as under a weight), crush, be smashed

Malayalam derivates : neriyuka to be crushed; ñerikka to quash, smash; ñericcal crushing, etc.; ñeruŋŋuka to be pressed, thronged, straitened; ñerukkam straits, tightness, poverty; ñerukkuka to press, compress, constrain, threaten; ñeŋŋuka, ñaŋŋuka to become soft or mellow, malleable as gold, yield, sink; ñaṇuŋŋuka to be bulged, crushed; ñaṇukkuka to bulge, crush; ñekkuka to press, strangle, squeeze, crush

Kannada : naggu

Kannada meaning : to become bruised (as a metal vessel); n. a bruise in metal vessels

Kannada derivates : naggisu to cause to get bruised; nekku to be depressed, sink; neẓgu, neggu to be curved or bent inward, sink in, sink, disappear, get a bruise, be bruised; crush, smash; naraku, naruku to bruise, contriturate

Kodagu : neri- (neriv-, neriñj-)

Kodagu meaning : to become twisted around in an entangled fashion (creeper on legs, python around goat), (cloth) is wrung out

Kodagu derivates : (nerip-, neric-) to wring (cloth, fowl's neck); (Kar.) nekk- (-i-) to press

Tulu : ñaŋŋụ, ñakkụ

Tulu meaning : crushing, bruising into a jelly or mass

Tulu derivates : narguni to be bruised, crushed, be close (as a cluster of fruits); nargāvuni to bruise, crush; nargāṭa bruising; naraguḍuni to bruise, crush, torment; narụnuru bruised; ? niŋgalụ, niŋgolụ broken rice, grit

Proto-Nilgiri : *ner-

Notes : Possibly several roots mixed in here.

Number in DED : 2927

Proto-Nilgiri : *ner-

Meaning : to rub between the hands, twirl

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : nerk- (nerky-)

Number in DED : 2927

Proto-Telugu : *ner-

Meaning : to rub or grind with force or pressure so as to produce partly the effect of rolling or displacing the particles

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : nerumu

Telugu (Krishnamurti) : naggu "to be powdered (?)"

Additional forms : Also ? neccu rice flour, small rice grits (or with 3782); ? [1] ner_iya, [2] ner_e, [3] ner_r_iya, [4] ner_r_e crack, slit, split, hole or crack in the ground

Number in DED : 2927

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *Neŋ-

Meaning : to grind

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : iŋg-/iŋ- "to grind on a stone slab"

Parji : neŋg-

Ollari Gadba : neŋ-

Salur Gadba : neng- "to rub, grind"

Additional forms : Also Parji neŋga that which has been ground

Number in DED : 2927

Korean etymology :

Altaic etymology :

Turkic etymology :

Mongolian etymology :

Tungus etymology :

Nostratic etymology :

Uralic etymology :

Dravidian etymology :

South Dravidian etymology :

Nilgiri etymology :

Telugu etymology :

Kolami-Gadba etymology :