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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *tòph
Meaning: finger-nail, toe-nail
Russian meaning: ноготь
Modern Korean: son-thop
Middle Korean: thòp
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *t`i̯ŭ́p`o
Meaning: nail; hoof
Russian meaning: ноготь; копыто
Comments: EAS 98, Владимирцов 293, Poppe 66 (Turk.-Mong.), Martin 228, АПиПЯЯ 96-97, 278, Лексика 147. Despite Doerfer's (TMN 2, 647-648) doubts, the Turk. form cannot be separated from the others, although it shows a somewhat peculiar phonetic development. PJ *túmá- < *túpá-n-: cf. also OJ tubunak(j)i 'ankle' ( = PT *tubńak, Evn. tuwnuke). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *tubńa-k
Meaning: hoof
Russian meaning: копыто
Karakhanid: tujaɣ (MK), tujnaq (IM) Turkish: dujnak
Tatar: tojaq
Uzbek: tujɔq
Uighur: tuwaq
Sary-Yughur: tujaɣ, tɨjɨɣ
Turkmen: tojnaq
Khakassian: tujɣax
Shor: tujɣaq
Oyrat: tujɣaq
Yakut: tuj̃ax
Dolgan: tuńak
Tuva: dujuɣ
Kirghiz: tujaq
Kazakh: tujaq
Noghai: tujaq
Bashkir: tojaq
Balkar: tujaq
Karaim: tujaq
Karakalpak: tujaq, dojnaq (< Turkm.)
Kumyk: tujaq
Comments: VEWT 499-500, EDT 519, Лексика 147, Stachowski 230. Chag., Uygh. tuwaq point to a labial *-b- in the stem, while Yak. -j̃- and -j- in other languages - to *-ń-: these reflexes can only be reconciled if we accept a cluster like *-bń- in the protoform (perhaps a contraction < *tupi-nak or sim.). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *tuwra, *turuɣu
Meaning: 1 hoof 2 lower hard part of hoof
Russian meaning: 1 копыто 2 нижний край копыта
Written Mongolian: turuɣu, taura, tuɣurai 1; tuɣur(a) 2 (L 839) Middle Mongolian: turu'un (HY 15), tar (IM) 1, turwun (Lig.VMI), turu (MA) Khalkha: tūr, tūraj, turū 1
Buriat: turū(n) 1
Kalmuck: turūn 1; tūr 2
Ordos: tūrǟ 1
Shary-Yoghur: turūn 1
Comments: KW 412, 413, MGCD 649. Cf. also tujila- 'to hit with hooves, feet (of a horse)'. monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tüpa, *tüp-ken
Meaning: 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail
Russian meaning: 1 гвоздь, колышек 2 ноготь
Evenki: tipken 1
Even: tipkir, tipken 1
Negidal: tipkēn 1
Ulcha: tukpe(n) 1
Orok: tupke(n)/-kpen 1
Nanai: tukpẽ 1
Oroch: tipa 2, tippe 1
Udighe: tikpe(n) 1
Solon: tikkēsũ 1
Comments: ТМС 2,185-186. A suffixless form *tüpa is reflected in Oroch tipa 'fingernail'(vs. tippe 'nail, peg'). TM > Dag. tibke- 'to nail', tibkēs 'nail' (Тод. Даг. 167). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *túmái
Meaning: finger-nail, claw
Russian meaning: ноготь, коготь
Old Japanese: tume
Middle Japanese: túmé
Tokyo: tsùme
Kyoto: tsúmé
Kagoshima: tsúme
Nase: čìmɨ́
Shuri: čímì
Hateruma: sɨ_̀m_ì
Yonakuni: m̀mí
Comments: JLTT 555. Cf. also OJ tubu-busi ( ~ -p-) 'ankle'. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-yon,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭUṗV
Meaning: hoof
Uralic: Sam. *topɔ 'hoof'
References: ND 2325 *ṭUbʡV 'hoof, nail, heel' (but SH 'heel' hardly here); 2404 *ṭVP_RV 'part of the foot' (Mong. + Berb.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-reference,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVPV
Meaning : hoof, finger(nail)
Amerind (misc.) : *tap 'hand; finger, arm' (R 355) globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-amer,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ta/ibʕ-
Meaning: foot, heel
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-wch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-lec,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *tyab-
Meaning: 'footprint'
Tangale: tíobo [JgT]
Notes: Cp. also Bokkos tàmbà-i sây 'foot', tàmbà-i râ 'hand', the meaning of tamba is unknown.
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-tng,wchet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *taba(H)-
Meaning: 'foot'
Kabalai: tàbà́ [Cp]
Mobu (dial. Kwang): tàbá [??]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-kbl,echet-mob,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *tibiʕ-
Meaning: 'foot, heel'
Afar (Danakil): tibiʕ
Notes: Unexpected *-ʕ-
shoet-prnum,shoet-meaning,shoet-afar,shoet-notes,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *teb-
Meaning: 'foot'
Arbore: teb
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-arb,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[ṭ]wǝbí
Meaning: finger
Comments and references : HGC 25. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ṭwɨbi (~-ǝ-)
Meaning: finger
Notes: A Darg.-Lezg. isogloss. Correspondences are regular (except for an assimilation *ṭub > *ṭuṗ in PD).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ṭuṗ
Meaning: finger
Akusha: ṭuṗ (Kait.)
Comments: Cf. also Kub. ṭuṗ id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ṭup:
Meaning: 1 finger 2 finger-ring
Lezghian: ṭub 1
Tabasaran: ṭub 1
Agul: ṭub 1
Rutul: ṭɨbǝʔǝl 2 (Shin.)
Tsakhur: ṭub 1
Comment: Cf. Lezg. erg. tuṗu; Lezg. Khl. ṭub, tṗa-; Tab. Düb. ṭuw; Ag. Bursh., Burk. ṭu (ṭuw-), Tsakh. Gelm. ṭɨb. Obl. base *ṭup:e- (cf. Tab. ṭuba-, Ag. ṭubu-, Burk. ṭuwi-, Tsakh. Gelm. ṭɨba-). Several languages have an old derivate from the same root meaning 'finger-ring', cf. Lezg. tuṗal, Tab. ṭublan, Ag. ṭubal, Rut. Khniukh., Shin. ṭɨbǝʔǝl (PL *ṭup:al). Cf. Бокарев 1961, 62; Лексика 1971, 120; Гигинейшвили 1977, 81; Талибов 1980, 284; Хайдаков 1973, 92.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *TVp
Meaning: finger(s)
Tibetan: theb 'thumb'
Lepcha: tap 'fist'
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-tib,stibet-lepcha,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *tǝpalči
Meaning: thimble
Ket: tъ̄ĺt / tʌɣǝĺt6 (кур. tʌɣǝĺtǝ6), pl. tʌɣǝĺtǝŋ5
Yug: tʌfalči6, pl. tʌfaĺčaŋ5
Comments: ССЕ 284. Ket -ɣ- is obviously secondary (perhaps an unprecise recording - however, repeated in Werner 2, 301 as tʌ́ɣɔĺta / tǝ̄ĺt(a)), as seen from the Yug -f-. Werner 2, 301 reconstructs <*thǝqphǝlt'ǝ / *thǝphǝlt'ǝ>, connecting the word with *tǝʔq 'finger', but there is absolutely no trace of any -q- here.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *(hac)-tapa-r̄
Meaning: 1 finger 2 paw 3 claw (of bird), talon 4 (worker's) hand
Bizkaian: atzamar 1
Gipuzkoan: atzapar 3
High Navarrese: atzapar 3, (Esteribar) aztapar 2
Low Navarrese: aztapar 2
Lapurdian: atzapar 3
Baztanese: aztapar 2
Zuberoan: aztápar 2, 4
Roncalese: aztapar 2
Comments: Analyzed here as a compound of Bsq *hac 'finger' (q.v.) + PSC *[ṭ]wǝbí 'finger'. The difficult cluster /tst/ was simplified to /st/ in the East, /ts/ in the West, and in BZK folk etymology has changed the last two syllables to match *hamaṙ ‘ten’ (q.v.).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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