Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *nún

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eye

Russian meaning: глаз

Modern Korean: nun

Middle Korean: nún

Comments: Nam 115, KED 359.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ni̯ā̀

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: eye

Russian meaning: глаз

Turkic: *jāĺ 'tear'

Mongolian: *nidü

Tungus-Manchu: *ńia-sa

Korean: *nún

Japanese: *mài(N), *mì-

Comments: EAS 77, Poppe 39, Menges 1984, 281, Street 1980, 300-301, АПиПЯЯ 30-31, 78, 87, 275. For the Turkic form cf. Mong. *ni-l-mu-sun (KW 281; Владимирцов 146), ТМ *(i)ńa-mū-, MKor. nún-mɨ́r, PJ *na-mi(n)tV 'tear' < PA *ńi̯ā(ĺ)-mi̯ūri 'water of the eye'. PT irregularly preserves length here: it is probably due to the influence of other homophonic and synonymic roots. Jpn. *m- here deserves special comment. It is a usual reflex of *ń- or *ŋi̯-, but none can be safely reconstructed here (not *ń- because of Mong. ni-dün, not *ŋi̯- because of TM *ńia-sa). One may note, however, that Jpn. has n- in *na-mi(n)tV 'tear', and perhaps also in the old deverbative OJ niram- (also *nia-m- > nem-) 'to glare at, keep an eye on' = Kor. nori- 'to have an eye upon' = TM *ńia-ru- 'to stare' (ТМС 1, 291) = Karakh. jeze- (EDT 985, TMN 4, 163) 'to patrol, keep an eye on' < PA *ni̯ā-ŕV. One can also pay attention to the nasal suffix present in Kor. nu-n and Jpn. *mai(N); it may suggest that we are actually dealing with reflexes of an archaic suffixed form *ni̯a-ŋ(V), the velar in which also can account for some unexpected TM forms: Jurch. ŋia-ĉi and Nan. dial. ŋasar ( < *ŋia-sa < *ńiaŋ-sa). Japanese may have had a similar assimilation (*ma-iN < *ŋi̯a-ŋ < *ni̯a-ŋ), while the suffixless form is preserved in a compound (*na-mi(n)ta < *ni̯a) and a derived verb (niram-). Cf. also KBalk. ǯalamuq 'tear' (probably < Bulg., reflecting a trace of the original compound in PTurk.). Traces of *-ĺ- in some forms (Turk. *jāĺ, Mong. *nil-mu-sun) may reflect a distinct root, preserved in Mong. *naliqa 'wing-like membrane, corner of the eye', as well as nilma / milma 'pupil of the eye'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jāĺ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: tear

Russian meaning: слеза

Old Turkic: jaš (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: jaš (MK)

Turkish: jaš

Tatar: jɛš

Middle Turkic: jaš (AH, Бор. Бад.)

Uzbek: jɔš

Uighur: jaš

Sary-Yughur: jas

Azerbaidzhan: jaš

Turkmen: jāš

Khakassian: čas

Oyrat: d́aš

Halaj: jāš

Chuvash: koś-śol

Tuva: čaš

Kirghiz: ǯaš

Kazakh: žas

Noghai: jas

Bashkir: jäš

Karaim: jaš

Karakalpak: žas

Salar: jaš

Kumyk: jaš

Comments: VEWT 192, EDT 975-976, Ашм. VII, 32, ЭСТЯ 4, 161-163 (because of external evidence should be distinguished both from *jāl' 'age' and *jāl' 'fresh, green').

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *nidü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eye

Russian meaning: глаз

Written Mongolian: nidü(n) (L 578)

Middle Mongolian: nidun (HY 45, SH), neidun (IM), nidun (MA)

Khalkha: nüd

Buriat: ńüde(n)

Kalmuck: nüdṇ

Ordos: nüdü(n)

Dongxian: nuduŋ, -n

Baoan: nedoŋ

Dagur: nide (MD 199, Тод. Даг. 157), nid (Тод. Даг. 157)

Shary-Yoghur: nudun

Monguor: nudu (SM 287)

Mogol: nüdün; ZM nodun (2-3a)

Comments: KW 282, MGCD 520.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńia-sa

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eye

Russian meaning: глаз

Evenki: ē̂sa

Even: ǟsъ̣l

Negidal: ē̂sa

Spoken Manchu: jasǝ (10)

Literary Manchu: jasa

Jurchen: ŋia-ĉi (496)

Ulcha: ịsal(ị)

Orok: isal

Nanai: nasal, dial. ńisal(a), ịsal, ŋasar

Oroch: isa

Udighe: jehä

Solon: īsal

Comments: ТМС 1, 291-292. The Nan. and Jurch. forms unmistakeably point to an initial nasal, lost in other languages in the exceptional position before the diphthong *iā. Other traces of initial nasal can be seen in: Man. ńońo 'pupil of the eye', Neg. ńuińaki 'eyebrow', Evn. ńȫŋeti 'one-eyed' (pointing perhaps to a derivative *ńiā-ŋu- with later assimilations > *ńūŋu- ~ *ńūńu-).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *mài(N), *mì-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 eye 2 to see

Russian meaning: 1 глаз 2 видеть

Old Japanese: me 1, mji- 2

Middle Japanese: mè 1, mì- 2

Tokyo: mé 1, mí- 2

Kyoto: mèe 1, mì- 2

Kagoshima: mé 1, mí- 2

Nase: mɨ́ 1, mj- 2

Shuri: mī́ 1, n̄ǯ- 2

Hateruma: mìŃ 1, mì- 2

Yonakuni: mī̀ 1, nn- 2

Comments: JLTT 474, 724. Nasal -N can be reconstructed on the basis of Hateruma (Ryukyu) mìŃ - although one cannot exclude that this is a later addition.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔVnjV

Meaning: to see, eye

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ney- 'to shine, sparkle; to see' [Blazhek proposes IIr. *vain- 'see'?]

Altaic: *ni̯ā̀

Uralic: ?? *wanV 'sehen, schauen' (?+ Sam. *ńo- in ND 1629)

Kartvelian: Georg. naχ- to see, find

Dravidian: *nō-; ?*nā- 'to open one's eyes' (PKG 814); or *uṇṇ- 'to think, look' (727)

Eskimo-Aleut: *niŋǝ-(t-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'nǝju- 'guard'

Comments: (PU *wanV = PD *uṇṇ = Nivkh. *waŋ- 'search; eye')

References: ND 138 *ʡoyn̄V (compares rather Mong. ojun 'mind' and distinguishes between *ʡoyn̄V and *ń[e]χa); 1631 *ń[e]χa 'to see', partially also 1629 *ńo(ʕ)wV 'to hunt, pursue'. A lot of confusion that has to be sorted out. [For Mong. *ojun cf. PU *wOjV 'see, find etc.' ?]

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *ney-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to shine, to sparkle

Old Indian: nayanā̆- n. f. `eye', nētra- n. id.

Latin: niteō, -ēre, -uī `glänzen, blinken, strahlen, prangen', nitidus, -a `glänzend, gleissend, wohlgenährt, schmuck'; renīdēre `zurückstrahlen, glänzen, schimmern, lächeln'

Celtic: *neimā, *neim- > MIr niam `Glanz, glänzender Schmuck', niamde `glänzend'; Cymr nwyf `Lebhaftigkeit', nwyfiant `Glanz, Gewalt', nwyfo `lebendig werden'

Russ. meaning: сверкать, сиять

References: WP II 321

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1362

Root: nei-2, neiǝ- : nī-

English meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine

German meaning: `lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glänzen'

Derivatives: noi-bho- `gut, heilig'; kelto-germ. nei-to-, nī-tu- `Leidenschaft'

Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre `glänze, strahle', nitidus `glänzend', nitor `Glanz' (von einem Partiz. *ni-tó-); vielleicht re-nīdeō `erglänzen' (mit präsensbildendem -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in mir. nīab `Lebenskraft', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in apers. naiba-, npers. nēw `schön, gut', air. noīb `heilig'; *nei-mā in mir. nīam `Glanz, Schönheit'; *nei-ko- in mir. nīach m. `Held', nīachus m. `Tapferkeit'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `Leidenschaft', hispan. Kriegsgott Nētō; air. PN Nīall (Gen.Nēill) aus *neit-s-lo-s; steckt vielleicht auch in air. nīa `Held' (s. nei-1); germ. *nīþa- in got. neiþ n. `Neid', ags. nīð m. `Kampf, Haß, Feindschaft', as. afries. nīth `Eifer, Haß, Neid', aisl. nīð `Hohn, Schmach'; könnten auch zu air. nīth n. (idg. *nītu-) `Kampf' gehören; zweifelhaft ai. nīla- `schwarzblau', nayanā̆- n. f. `Auge', nētra- n. ds.

References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.

Pages: 760

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1710

Proto: *wanV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to see, look

German meaning: sehen, schauen

Finnish: vaani- 'lauern, auflauern; auf der Lauer liegen (stehen, sein)' ( > Saam. N vādnâ- 'seize, take hold of (of a boy seizing a girl or a wolf seizing a reindeer), L vānati- 'in einiger Entfernung die Rentiere auf Skiern umkreisen und sie dann und dann durch Anrufen merken lassen, daß sie bewacht werden', vanna- (Ko. Näätämö) 'lauern')

Estonian: vaani- (dial.) 'lauern, auflauern'

Mordovian: vano- (E M) 'schauen, betrachten, pflegen, erziehen, hüten, bewahren, beschützen'

Addenda: Liv. van̄́tlǝ̑- 'sehen, schauen, zuschauen' ?

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *nō-

Meaning : view, to notice, eye

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *nōḍ-, *nōṭ-, *nōk-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *nōḍ-, *nōṭ-, *nōk-

Meaning : to look at, examine

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : nōṭṭam

Tamil meaning : examination of coins, assaying, scrutiny of gems, precious metals, etc., value, criticism as by a rival artist or workman, attempt at wit, endeavour to excel, hinder or baffle another in speech

Tamil derivates : nōkku (nōkki-) to see, look at, behold, view, consider, reflect, regard, pay attention to, arrange, put in order, keep, protect, save, do, perform, resemble, compare, read, desire; n. eye, sight, look, beauty, meaning, intention, knowledge, greatness, mode, style; nōkkam eye, eyesight, look, gaze, glance, view, aspects of a planet, appearance, expression, cast of countenance, beauty, attractiveness, watch, design, object, intention, aim, sense, intelligence, attention, observation, desire, indication, sign

Malayalam : nōṭṭam

Malayalam meaning : viewing, examination, experienced eye, sharp sight, shroffage, fortune-telling

Malayalam derivates : nōkkuka to look at, view, observe, look after, examine, be in a certain direction, seek, consider, regard, intend; nōkkam view, beauty, eye; nōkkal a look; nōkku look, watchfulness, sight, beauty

Kannada : nōḍu

Kannada meaning : to look, look on, look at, view, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see

Kannada derivates : nōḍuvike looking, etc.; nōḍisu to cause to look; nōṭa looking at or on, viewing, beholding, seeing, examination, a sight, spectacle, sight, the power of seeing, a look, appearance; nōṭaka a looker-on, spectator, eyewitness

Kodagu : nōṭ- (nōṭi-)

Kodagu meaning : to look at

Tulu : nōṭa

Tulu meaning : sight, view, vision, aim

Tulu derivates : nōḍaḍruni, nōḍāvuni to point at, show; nūṭāvuni to show

Proto-Nilgiri : *nōṭ-

Notes : The root apparently had both the voiced-auslaut and the voiceless-auslaut variants in PDR. As for Tamil nōkkam, etc., these forms either constitute a separate root or can go back to PDR *nōṭ-k-.

Number in DED : 3794

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *nōṭ-

Meaning : to look at

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : nōṭ- (nōc-) "to look at, look for, examine, be looked at"

Toda : nwɨ̄ṭ- (nwɨ̄ṭy-)

Additional forms : Also Kota nōṭ, nōṭm (obl. nōṭt-) a sight; Toda nwɨ̄ṭ a sight

Number in DED : 3794

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *niŋǝ-(t-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to see, to hear, to listen

Russian meaning: видеть, слышать, слушать

Proto-Yupik: *niŋǝ-t- (-ruɣ-)

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *niŋǝ-t- (-ruɣ-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to see 1, to hear 2, to listen 3

Russian Meaning: видеть 1, слышать 2, слушать 3

Sirenik: nǝŋǝ́tǝqǝ̄́χtǝʁá 1, nǝŋítuʁǝmǝkǝ́ŋa (3sg3sg aor.) 'he went for looking at him' (//nǝŋǝtuʁ-, nǝŋǝtituʁ- [Vakh.]

Naukan: níquʁāquq 2, nīqútāqā 3

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nītǝ- 2, nīcuɣni- 3

Chugach (Birket-Smith): nītā 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: nītǝ- 2, nīcuɣni- 3

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 206, 214

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'ǝnju-

Meaning (Rus.): стеречь

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *(šǝ)ʒu-, ? *ʒu-t-

Proto-Itelmen: *'ǝnju-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *(šǝ)ʒu-, ? *ʒu-t-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): стеречь, охранять

Chukchee: jút-, r-jú-

Koryak: j-ju-

Palan: ɣe-ń-ńu-lqi-te imper. 2sg.

Alutor: t-jù-kki, -ń-ńu-

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'ǝnju-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): стеречь

Itelmen: 'inju-s 1, 'in-inju-kes 2

Itelmen meaning: стеречь 1, сторожить, быть сторожем 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 200

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : see, eye

Eurasiatic : *ʔVnjV

Afroasiatic : *ʕayVn-

Sino-Caucasian : Cf. ST *ŋāj 'look, stare' or *n[ɨă] 'think'?

Austric : *nVʔ think; cf. also PAA (PW) *ŋVj 'eye'

Amerind (misc.) : *hin (R 236) [+ A], *yan (R 237) 'eye; see', *neu 'see' (R 608) [+ A K], *win 'see' (R 608) [+ A]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-yén- 'see'.

Reference : ND 138.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕayVn-

Meaning: eye

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʕayn- 'eye'

Egyptian: ʕn, ʕyn 'eye' (a)

Western Chadic: *ʔayVn- 'to see'

East Chadic: cf. Jegu ʔinn- 'to know'

Saho-Afar: *Hin-t- 'eyes' (pl.) (?)

Omotic: *Han- 'eye'

Notes: Denominative verbs in Brb *HVnVy 'see' (Ghat Ahg ǝni, Ayr ǝnǝy, Adghaq ǝnhi, Izd inni); WCh *ʕVyan- 'see' (Bol ʔinn, Paa ḥan, Klr riyan, DB yen) and CCh *ʔan- 'see, find' (Gaa ànnì, Grk anana) and Dah ʕeen-aad_ 'see from afar'? Cf. EDE I 125-6, where this root is confused with Afras. *ʔi(n)ṭ- 'eye' (395).

Semitic etymology :

Number: 146

Proto-Semitic: *ʕayn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: eye

Akkadian: īnu (OAKK, ASS ēnu) OAkk on [CAD i 153], [AHw 383]

Eblaitic: a-na-a /ʕaynay(a)/ (dual) [Kr 27; Fr 155; Bl E No. 9]

Ugaritic: ʕn [DLU 82], /ʕēnu/ [Huehner 159]; ʕn 'see'

Canaanite: AMARNA h_e-na-ya (dual, 1 pl. suff.) [HJ 839]

Phoenician: ʕn, ʕyn (also 'sight') [T 252]

Hebrew: ʕayin [KB 817]

Biblical Aramaic: suff. ʕēn-, pl. ʕaynīn [KB deutsch 1107]

Judaic Aramaic: ʕayin (ʕēnā, ʕaynā) [Ja 1071]; constr. ʕayn-, det. ʕaynā, pl. ʕaynīn [Sok 403]

Syrian Aramaic: ʕaynā [Brock 522]

Modern Aramaic: MAL ʕaina [Berg 4], TUR ʕaino 'spring, source' [R Ṭūrōyo 113] MLH ʕayno 'Auge, Quelle' [J Mlah 168] HRT ʔena 'Auge, Quelle' [J Hert 181] NASS ɔynɔ 'eye, spring' [Tser 0156] URM ayna 'eye' [R Urmi 97] ZKH ʔēna 'eye' [R Zakho 105] MMND īn, emph. īna 'eye' [M MND 502] GZR ʔéna 'fountain' [Nak 67] AZR ena 'eye' [Garb 305] IRN aynâ 'l'occhio, la sorgente' [Pen 63]

Mandaic Aramaic: aina (abs., constr. ʕin) [DM 15, 348]

Arabic: ʕayn- [BK 2 425]

Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB ʕyn [SD 23].

    MIN ʕyn (n.), (v.) 'voir' [LM 18].

    QAT ʕyn 'sight' [Ricks 118]

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʕayn

Tigre: ʕǝn (pl. ʕǝntat) [LH 472]

Amharic: ayn [K 1289]

Gafat: inä [LGaf 178]

East Ethiopic: WOL in, SEL ZWY īn [LGur 117]

Gurage: GYE ayn, CHA EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG en, END ēn, SOD in [ibid.]

Mehri: ʔāyn [JM 38]

Jibbali: ʕíhn [JJ 20]

Soqotri: ʕain [LS 308], [SSL LS 1453]

Notes: Also 'spring, water source' in most of SEM.

    [Fron 44]: (*ʕayn- /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [DLU 82]: UGR, EBL, ARM, HBR, PHO, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [KB 817]: HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK, PHO, ARB, ESA, GEZ, TGR; [LGz 80]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, AKK, HBR, ARM, ESA, PHO, SOQ; [Holma 15]: AKK, HBR, ARB, SYR, GEZ

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ʕn, ʕyn

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eye' (a)

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ʔayVn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'to see'

Bolewa: ʔinn- [LukB]

Pa'a: ḥan [MS]

Polchi: yeni [Sh]

Geji: yenî [Sh]

Tule: yāni [CLR]

Fyer: yaána [CLR]

Kulere: ṛiyan (= Hiyan?) [Jg]

Daffo-Butura: yen [Jg]

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *Hin-t-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eyes' (pl.)

Saho: intit

Afar (Danakil): intit

Notes: Lack of consonant in Anlaut points to *ʔ-, since *ʕ- in this group is preserved. Probably *ʕ- > *ʔ- under the influence of *ʔil- 'eye' (380) or *ʔi(n)ṭ- id. (395)?

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *Han-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eye'

Gimirra (Benesho, She): an

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *nVʔ

Meaning: think

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: nVh

Austroasiatic meaning: see

Proto-Austronesian: *henaq

Austronesian meaning: think, consider; thought, idea

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: nVh

Meaning: see

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Vietic: THV nɛh.1

Proto-Aslian: TEM nɛ:h

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: see

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Thavung-So: nɛh.1

Thavung: nah

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian:

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: see

Temiar: nɛ:h

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