Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kuǯir

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: salty earth

Russian meaning: солончак

Written Mongolian: quǯir (L 994)

Middle Mongolian: qǝǯǝr (IM)

Khalkha: xuǯir

Buriat: xužar

Kalmuck: xuǯr

Ordos: xuǯir, Guǯir

Dagur: xod́ir (Тод. Даг. 176; MGCD xoǯir)

Shary-Yoghur: χuǯir

Monguor: xoʒ́ir 'soude' (SM 170)

Comments: KW 195, MGCD 385. Mong. > Man. xuǯiri (see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 112 - but not Evk. kudu).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯aǯurV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: sand, steppe, earth

Russian meaning: песок, степь, земля

Turkic: *Kạjɨr

Mongolian: *kuǯir

Tungus-Manchu: *kuǯur-

Comments: VEWT 222 (Turk.-Mong.), АПиПЯЯ 287, Лексика 97. A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kạjɨr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 salt steppe 2 sandbank 3 gravel 4 sand

Russian meaning: 1 солончак 2 песчаный берег 3 гравий 4 песок

Karakhanid: qajɨr 1, 4 (MK Oghuz)

Turkish: kajɨr 2

Middle Turkic: (OKypch.) qajɨr (Houts. 94, AH 74)

Uzbek: dial. qɛjir 3

Turkmen: dial. Gajɨr 3, 4

Chuvash: xъjъr 4

Yakut: xajɨr tās 3

Tuva: xajɨr 1

Kazakh: qajɨr 2

Noghai: qajɨr 4

Karakalpak: qajɨr 2

Kumyk: qajɨr 3

Comments: VEWT 221-222, EDT 678, ЭСТЯ 5, 206, 217, Лексика 97. Turk. > WMong. qajir, Kalm. xǟr (KW 180).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kuǯur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cover, bury (with soil)

Russian meaning: заваливать (землей)

Negidal: kuǯuj-

Comments: ТМС 1,424 (an isolated Negidal form, but with probable external parallels).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ki[ǯ]V

Meaning: sand

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'eis-

Altaic: *ki̯aǯurV

Uralic: *kOčV

Kartvelian: Georg. kviša, Svan. kwiše 'sand' ?

Dravidian: *kesar_- (*-i-)

Comments: Georg. ḳenč̣- 'pebble' ?

References: Blazh. KM 135; ND 954 *[k][ü]šʔV 'gravel, sand'; 990a *ḳećV 'clay, dirt'; 1103 *ḳ[E]ŋć̣V 'gravel, pebbles' (with a lot of confusion).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *g'eis-

Meaning: gravel

Baltic: *ǯeĩs-r-ā̂ f., -a- c., *ǯis-r-a- c.

Germanic: *kís-a- m., n., *kís-il-a- m.

Russ. meaning: щебень, гравий

References: WP I 553

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ǯeĩs-r-ā̂ f., -a- c., *ǯis-r-a- c.

Meaning: gravel

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: žiezdrà `Grand, Korn', pl. žiẽzdrōs `Sand', žiẽzdra-s `(Kies-, Grus)sand, Gries', dial. pl. t. žiẽ(g)zdrōs `Grand', žiegzdrà `id.'; žìzdra-s `Kies, grober Sand', dial. žigždra-s `id.'

Old Prussian: sixdo `Sand' V. 26

Comments: For literary Lith. Lyberis gives žiegždrà 'žvirgždas', žiegždrī́nas 'žvirgždynas'. Cf. comment to #1627. (В. Ч.)

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kísa-z, -n, *kísila-z

Meaning: gravel

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: ceosel (ceosol, cisil, cysel), -es m. `gravel, sand'

Middle Dutch: kēsel

Old High German: kisil (8.Jh.), kisilī(n) (12.Jh.) `Kieselstein, Hagelstein, Schlosse'

Middle High German: kis st. m., n. 'kies'; kisel st. m. 'kieselstein; hagelstein, schlosse'

German: Kies m., Kiesel m.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 554

Root: ĝeis-

English meaning: gravel

German meaning: `Kies'

General comments: (gei-s-, wenn nld. kei `Stein' < *keie < *kaijo hierher gehört oder kei < *kagi zu kegel? s. Franck-v. Wijk 298)

Material: Mhd. kis m. n. `Kies', ags. ciosol, cisel m. ds., ahd. kisili, kisel, kisilinc `Kiesel, Steinchen', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;

    apr. sixdo f. `Sand', lit. žiezdrà, `Kies, Korn', žiẽzdros `Kies, grober Sand', žiẽgzdros ds., auch m. žiẽgzdrai.

    Fragwürdig die Zugehörigkeit des angeblich phryg. γίσσα `Stein' bei Steph. Byz. s. v. Μονογισσα.

References: WP. I 553.

Pages: 356

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 442

Proto: *kOčV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: sand, sandy place

German meaning: Sand; sandige Stelle

Udmurt (Votyak): gi̮ǯ, gi̮ǯi̮ (S), gi̮ǯ́i̮, gi̮ži̮ (M) 'Sandkorn', gị̑žǝ̑ (Uf.) 'feines Sandkorn'

Komi (Zyrian): ke̮ž (Ud.) 'steinige od. kieselige Stelle im Fluß oder am Flußufer', keža (S Lu.) 'Kies, Grieß', ku̇ža^., ku̇^.ǯa 'галечник, мелкое место в реке с дном из галек'

Khanty (Ostyak): χĭš (Kaz.) '(feiner) Sand', χis (O) ( > Mansi So. χis 'Sand')

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kesar_- (*-i-)

Meaning : mud, mire

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kIsar_-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kIsar_-

Meaning : mud, mire

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cēr_u (in cpds. cēr_r_u-)

Tamil meaning : mud, mire, slush, liquid of thick consistency

Tamil derivates : (?) ceyyal mire, slush; cēval mud, mire

Malayalam : cēr_u (in cpds. cēr_r_u-)

Malayalam meaning : mire, wet soil (for transplanting rice)

Kannada : kesar_

Kannada meaning : wet soil, mud, mire

Kannada derivates : kesar_ige drain of a bathroom

Tulu : kesarụ

Tulu meaning : mud, mire, dirt

Tulu derivates : kēdụ mud, soft clay

Proto-Nilgiri : *kēr_

Number in DED : 2020

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kēr_

Meaning : tank

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kēr "shallow tank, puddle"

Toda : kȫr_ (obl. kȫt_-) "lake, tank formed by dam"

Additional forms : Also Kota cēr, Toda sör_ mud

Notes : Forms with initial affricates are borrowed from Tamil (maybe already in PN: *sēr_).

Number in DED : 2020

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVCV

Meaning : sand

Eurasiatic : *kiCV

Afroasiatic : *q̇ac̣-/*q̇VwVc̣- (ND 954: Berb. *kwẓ, various Chad.; 1103: Ar. qaδ̣δ̣-, various Cush., Chad.; 990a : Sem. *ḳic̣c̣-, some Chad.)

Sino-Caucasian : ? EC *GoʒV 'dirt'

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *q̇a(wV)c̣-

Meaning: sand

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḫ/ḥVw/yVṣ- 'sand, gravel'

Western Chadic: *ḳas- 'earth, sand'

Central Chadic: *KVs- 'sand' 1, 'sandy soil' 2

East Chadic: *kVs-kV 'sand'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *ḳus-

Omotic: *ḳac̣- 'sand'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1890

Proto-Semitic: *ḫ/ḥVw/yVṣ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sand, gravel'

Akkadian: ḫiṣṣu 'rubble, gravel' CAD ḫ 204

Hebrew: ḥāṣāṣ 'pebble, gravel'

Syrian Aramaic: ḥǝṣāṣā

Mandaic Aramaic: aṣaṣa, ṣaṣa 'gravel'

Arabic: ḥaṣā 'stone, pebble', ḥiṣḥiṣ- 'stones'

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḫoṣa

Tigre: ḥǝṣä

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḥuṣa

Soqotri: ḥaṣaḥaṣihin 'gravel'

Notes: LGz 266

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ḳas-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'earth, sand'

Hausa: ḳásā́

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *KVs-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sand' 1, 'sandy soil' 2

Mbara: tú-kùs 2 [TrMba]

Buduma=Yedina: kēsa 1 [CLR]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *kVs-kV

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sand'

Dangla: kòs-kò [Fd]

Bidiya: kós-ko [JgB]

Notes: ? partial redupl.

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *ḳus-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sand'

Bilin: ḳusa

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *ḳac̣-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'sand'

Kafa (Kaficho): ḳaco

Gimirra (Benesho, She): ḳačay, ḳač

Nao: ḳaṣa

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