A form with a reduplicated third radical (-ṣ̌- renders palatalized *-ḳ-); if ḥa- is an old article with *-ʕ- assimilated to ḥ-, the underlying form will be *ḥa-ʕanḳiḳ-

    It is interesting that what must be a derived meaning, 'necklace', is better preserved in SEM, e.g.: UGR ʕnḳ 'collar (?)' [DLU 83] (cf. 'das Höchste, Edelste' [Aist 237], 'a woman of certain ethnic group' [Gordon 458]); HBR ʕănāḳ 'neck-chain' [KB 859]; ARM: JUD ʕinḳā 'necklace, chain' [Sok 399], SYR ʕeḳḳā, ʕeḳḳǝtā 'torquis' [Brock 541] /cf. also MND anḳia 'perh. nooses, loops, holes (in a fish-net)' [DM 27]/; TNA maʕnäḳya 'specie di collana d'argento molto stretta' [Bass 117]. Cf. AKK unḳu 'Ring, Stempel-Siegel' Bab, M/NA [AHw 1422], with a meaning shift 'necklace' > '(finger)ring'? (see, however, ETH words for precious stone like GEZ ʕǝnḳʷ [LGz 65], which, if related, speak against the connection with 'neck').

    Cf. also ETH *ʕanḳar 'throat, uvula, neck' likely <*ʕanḳ-ar-, with suffixed -r: GEZ ʔanḳar, ʔanḳār 'the interior part of the mouth, throat' [LG 31], TGR ʕanḳär 'uvula, throat' [LH 472], TNA ʕanḳär 'ugola' [Bass 692]; AMH anḳär, anḳar 'uvula' [K 1216], manḳurt 'Adam's apple, larynx' [K 268], ARG ǝnḳǝrt 'goitre, Adam's apple'; EAST: HAR ǝnḳǝrti [LHar 29], ZWY manḳurt; GUR: MSQ GOG SOD ǝnḳǝrt, GOG manḳurt, SOD manḳur 'goitre' [LGur 71]. To this ETH root cf. N. CUSH: BEJA ankar 'Gaumen, Schlund, Kehle, Rachen' [Rein Bed 26], (Ammar'ar) hánkar do. [Dolg SIFKY 154]; E. CUSH: OROMO ḳaaruu 'lower inside of mouth; joint at which jaw is attached to skull' [Gragg 311] (with a loss of *ʕan-?), AFAR anḳara, ankara, SAHO anḳar 'Gaumen, Kehle' [Rein Afar 813]; C. CUSH: BILIN anḳar 'Schlund, Kehle' [Rein Bil 40]. These CUSH examples are rather to be regarded as loan-words from ETH, though a common AFRASIAN (SEM and CUSH) root *ʕanḳ-ar- 'neck, throat, inside of mouth' is not to be excluded (cf. [SIFKY 154]). Cf. also CUSH-OMOT *ḳunḳ- 'throat' (<*ʕunḳ-, with assimilation of *ʕ > ḳ or <*(ʕVn)ḳʕunḳ-, with haplology of the first syllable and reduplication ?): E. CUSH: OROMO ḳoonḳoo 'throat, larynx' [Gragg 328]; S. CUSH: IRAQW -qunqu (in alaqunqu 'nape', ala- 'behind'), DAHALO ḳòḳo 'throat' [Ehret HRSC 253] and OMOT: KAFA qoqqō 'nuca' [Cerulli Caf 487] (cf. [Bla Dr-Afr No. 28] and [Lamberti Kons 535]).

    There is a series of SEM roots (cf. *ḥink- /*ḥanak- 'palate', No. , or *h_nḳ 'to strangle, choke, take by the throat' [LGz 263]) similar to *ʕVnḳ- 'neck' both phonetically and semantically; some of them have AFRASIAN parallels and, therefore, can be regarded as variant roots comparable not only on SEM but even on AFRASIAN level. Here are some of them.

    (1) AFRASIAN *ḥanḳ-(ar-) 'palate, inside of mouth':

    SEM: ETH EAST: SEL hanḳa (on SEL h- most likely <*ḥ see [LGur LXIV]), ZWY anḳa; GUR: CHA END ENN GYE MUH MSQ GOG anḳa 'inside of mouth' [LGur 68].

    E. CUSH: KAMBATTA aḳa, HADIYA aḳo 'inside of mouth' [LGur 68], SOMALI ḥoḳád 'tonsil' [Abr 123] (-d may be < *-t suffix); S. CUSH: DAHALO ḥaŋḳára 'palate' [Ehret, Eld, Nurse 27] (with the suffixed -ar).

    BERB: AIR WLMD anɣa [Aloj 144], GHADAMES īneɣ [Lanfry 244], QABYLE anǝɣ [Dallet 568], SEMLAL anɣa [Destaing Tach 209] 'palais (de la bouche)'.

    (2) SEM *ʕVng-(at-) 'neck': EBL (?) in-gu /ʕingu(m)/ or /ʕinḳu(m)/ 'neck' [Con 143; Bl E No. 10] (see above); ARB ʕunǧūǧ- 'qui a un long cou, une longue encolure' [BK 2 381] (сf. ʕnǧ 'retenir, arrêter (sa monture), en tirant la bride à soi avec force; éprouver des douleur dans les vertèbres' [ibid. 380]); ETH: TGR ʔangät 'neck' [LGz 65] (not in [LH]), TNA ʕangät 'neck' (< AMH, according to [Bass 538]), AMH angät 'neck' [K 1247], GAF angät 'cou' [LGaf 179], EAST: HAR angät [LH 28], SEL WOL ZWY angät 'neck' [LGur 63], GUR: CHA EZ̆A GYE MUH MSQ GOG SOD angät, ENN END angäd do. [ibid.]; cf. also GEZ ʕang, ʕanag 'earring, nosering, chain (for the neck)' [LGz 64].

    Cf. C. CUSH: (?) BILIN taʔánge [Rein Bil 332], QWARA tanāgā 'Gaumen' (ta- is a prefix?), KEMANT angī 'palais de la bouche' [Conti Ros 166]; all loan-words from ETH?

    (3) AFRASIAN *ḥang-Vr- 'throat':

    SEM: ARB ḥunǧūr, ḥanǧar-at- 'larynx' [BK 1 501] (cf. also ḥunǧūd- do. [ibid.]), cf. GEZ h_ǝngat 'goiter' (h_ instead of the expected ḥ may be purely graphic) [LGz 263].

    EGYP (D 18) ḥngg 'Schlund' [E-G III 121].

    E. CUSH: (?) SAM *hangúri 'throat' [Heine SL 63] (*h- instead of the expected *ḥ-, if related at all).

    Cf. also [SIFKY 154])

    [Fron 45] (*ʕunḳ- /GEZ ʕanaḳa 'pose al collo', ARB, JUD, HBR ʕănāḳ 'collana', UGR,AKK); [DLU 83]: UGR, HBR, AKK, ARB; [KB 859]: HBR, ARM, ARB, AKK, GEZ (ʕǝnḳʷ 'precious stone'); [LGz 65]: GEZ (ʕanaḳa 'carry around the neck'), ARB, HBR, ARM, AKK (also connects with ETH forms with -g like TGR ʕangät); [LS 183]: SOQ, ARB, ARM, HBR