Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pōnŋa- / *pēnŋa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to crush, crushed 2 to chop

Russian meaning: 1 расколоть, разбить 2 рубить

Evenki: hōŋna-, hōŋnī-, hoŋ- 2

Even: hōn-, ōnŋa- 2

Negidal: xoŋnị- 2

Ulcha: peŋ 1

Orok: peŋ, pem 1

Nanai: peŋ, pēŋ (adv.) 1

Oroch: xōŋi- 2

Udighe: xuaŋni- 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 47, 329.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ṑńŋa

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to crush, break, tear off

Russian meaning: разрушать, ломать, отдирать

Turkic: *oŋur-, *oŋ-

Tungus-Manchu: *pōnŋa- / *pēnŋa-

Korean: *pằńằ-

Japanese: *pànà-

Comments: One of the common Altaic "Verba des Schlagens". Korean has a usual low verbal tone.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *oŋur-, *oŋ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to crush, break off

Russian meaning: ломать, отламывать

Karakhanid: oɣur- (MK)

Tatar: umɨr-

Turkmen: oŋur-, omur-

Khakassian: or-

Yakut: oŋ- 'to pick out'

Dolgan: oŋ- 'to pick out'

Tuva: ōr-

Kirghiz: omur-

Kazakh: omɨr-

Noghai: omɨr-

Bashkir: umɨr-

Karakalpak: omɨr-

Comments: EDT 91, ЭСТЯ 1, 461; Stachowski 194. Derived is PT *oŋur-tka 'spine, backbone' (see ЭСТЯ 1, 463-464).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pằńằ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to crush, break

Russian meaning: ломать, разламывать

Modern Korean: pasu-

Middle Korean: pằńằ-

Comments: Nam 242.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pànà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to chop off

Russian meaning: отрубать

Old Japanese: pana-

Middle Japanese: fànà-

Tokyo: hané-

Kyoto: háné-

Kagoshima: hané-

Comments: JLTT 684. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗVjńV

Meaning: to crush, press

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *p`ṑńŋa crush, break

Uralic: *pajńa (pajna) drücken

References: Diff. in МССНЯ 364, ND 1748 *P_ayńV(qV) 'to press, squeeze, close'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 700

Proto: *pajńa (*pajna)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to press

German meaning: drücken

Finnish: paina- 'drücken; drucken, pressen; färben; quälen, peinigen' ( > Saam. N bai'dne- 'colour; lose colour, rub off; influence, impress', L pai'nē- 'einer Sache Farbe geben, färben', pajne- (Ko. A) 'färben')

Estonian: paina- (dial. paena-) 'drücken, pressen; quälen; bitten'

Mordovian: (pańe- (E M) 'treiben, vertreiben, hinaustreiben' - rejected by Redei)

Udmurt (Votyak): pańǝ̑rt- (K) 'drücken, zerdrücken', pańgat- (S) 'zerdrücken, zertreten, zerbrechen' ?

Komi (Zyrian): pońtal- (Lu.) 'drücken, pressen', pońolt-, pońovt- (Wied.) 'biegen, verbiegen, beugen, niederschlagen' ? (pańgi̮- 'пятнать, салить (в игре)' - rejected by Redei)

Mansi (Vogul): pońǝ^.wt- (TJ), pańǝjt- (KU), pońǝt- (P), pońiɣt- (So.) 'drängen, drücken', pańś- (KU), pońs- (P So.) 'niederdrücken'

Kamass: paŋdǝ-, paŋgorǝ- '(nieder)drücken, pressen' ? [presupposing *paŋńe-]

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : eat

Eurasiatic : *UNV

Afroasiatic : ? *ʔunay- meat (?) (cf. also *hun- 'heart, stomach'?)

Sino-Caucasian : Cf. PEA *-āń eat

Austric : *-ʔVn eat

Amerind (misc.) : *anena 'meat' (R 468) (or to *NVNV 'fish'?); *nan 'tooth; eat' (R 774) [+ A]

Notes : ? PSC *=ixŋwV 'graze'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔunay- (?)

Meaning: meat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔunVy- 'kind of meat'

Central Chadic: *nay- 'meat'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1549

Proto-Semitic: *ʔunay-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'meat'

Akkadian: unû

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *nya[n]-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'meat'

Munjuk: nè́ŋ [TrMnj]

Musgu: nē, nɛŋ, niŋ [LkM]

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔVn

Meaning: eat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Miao-Yao parallels: *nVN eat

Proto-Austronesian: *kaʔen

Austronesian meaning: eat

Proto-Thai: *kVn

Thai meaning: eat

References: Ben 287, Peiros 1998, 100.

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