Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *bula

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: thorn

Russian meaning: шип, колючка

Spoken Manchu: bǝlā (2160)

Literary Manchu: bula

Comments: ТМС 1, 106. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ŭ́le

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to rub, whet

Russian meaning: тереть, растирать, точить

Turkic: *bile-

Mongolian: *büle-

Tungus-Manchu: *bula

Korean: *pjǝ̀ró

Comments: Turk. *bile- is usually derived from *bij 'edge' (q. v.) which is hardly the case (*bijle- cannot be reconstructed).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bile-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to sharpen 2 whetstone

Russian meaning: 1 точить 2 точильный камень

Karakhanid: bile- (MK) 1

Turkish: bile- 1

Tatar: belɛw 2

Middle Turkic: bile- 1,bilew 2 (Pav. C.)

Uighur: bilä- (Jarr.) 1

Azerbaidzhan: bülöv, bilöv 2

Turkmen: bilev 2

Khakassian: pǝlö 2 (R)

Shor: pile 2

Oyrat: bilü 2

Chuvash: pǝʷlev 2

Tuva: bili- (Castr.- Soj.) 1

Kirghiz: bülö 2

Kazakh: bilew 2

Noghai: bilew 2

Bashkir: beläw 2

Balkar: bile- 1, bilew 2

Gagauz: bile- 1, bilä 2

Karaim: bile- 1, bülew 2

Kumyk: bile- 1, bilew 2

Comments: ЭСТЯ 2, 142-143, EDT 332-333 (< *bi 'blade', denom. - but Turkm. shortness contradicts this derivation). Turk. *bile-gü > Mong. *bile-ɣü id., see Щербак 1997, 106.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *büle-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bore, prick, incise (with a knife etc.)

Russian meaning: колоть, надрезать (ножом и т. п.)

Written Mongolian: büle- (L 146)

Khalkha: büle-

Kalmuck: bül-

Comments: KW 66.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pjǝ̀ró

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: inkstone (for rubbing the ink from an ink stick)

Russian meaning: чернильный камень

Modern Korean: pjǝru

Middle Korean: pjǝ̀ró

Comments: Nam 258, KED 775.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *bVlV

Meaning: to pierce, bore

Indo-European: *bhl- in *bhlaǵ-, *bhleiǵ- ?

Altaic: *bi̯ŭ́le

Uralic: *pelV

Dravidian: *viḷ- ?

Eskimo-Aleut: *uluɣ- ?

Uralic etymology :

Number: 752

Proto: *pelV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to pierce, stick into

German meaning: stechen

Mordovian: peĺe-, peĺa- (E), päĺe-, päĺa- (M) 'bohren'

Khanty (Ostyak): pel- (V O), pet- (DN) 'stechen; schneiden'

Mansi (Vogul): pēĺ- (KU) 'stechen, schneiden', pēl-, pēĺ- (P), pēl- (So.) 'durchdringen, scharf sein', pēl- (N) 'stechen'

Sammalahti's version: *peδä- (mit rejected Lp)

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *viḷ-

Meaning : to split, crack

Proto-South Dravidian: *viḷ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *viḷ-ŋ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *viḷi-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *viḷ-

Meaning : to open out, crack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : viḷ (viḷv-, viṇṭ-)

Tamil meaning : to open out, expand, unfold as a blossom, crack, split; burst, be at variance, become clear, be separated from

Tamil derivates : viḷkai leaving; viḷḷal separation, unfolding as of a flower; viḷavu (viḷavi-) to split, burst asunder; n. cleft, crack

Malayalam : viḷḷuka

Malayalam meaning : to burst open, crack, break

Malayalam derivates : viḷḷal hollow, rent; viḷḷu crack, aperture; viḷuruka to split, open; viḷurkka to open, unfold, spread

Tulu : bulluni, buḷḷuni

Tulu meaning : a sore or wound to enlarge; crack, slit

Tulu derivates : bullāvuni to enlarge a sore, etc., split, make a crack; buluni to be open

Number in DED : 5432

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *viḷ-ŋ-

Meaning : to spread

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : velŋg- "to spread (sore, etc.)"

Additional forms : Also Parji velkip- (velkit-) to spread (tr.), extend

Number in DED : 5432

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *viḷi-

Meaning : to be separated, split

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *viṛ-

Konda : vīṛ- (-it-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *ṛa-z-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vḷī-

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *viṛ-

Meaning : to crack (e.g. earth in dry weather)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Koya Gondi : viṛ-

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ko viṛp- to spread out (tr.)

Number in DED : 5432

Number in CVOTGD : 3253, 3255

Konda etymology :

Konda : vīṛ- (-it-)

Meaning: to become separated

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda vīṛp- to separate by tearing apart

Number in DED : 5432

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *ṛa-z-

Meaning : (earth) to crack

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : ṛazba-

Number in DED : 5432

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vḷī-

Meaning : to expand, swell; to burst

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : vlēnda (vlēndi-), (Gramm.) vlēnḍa (vlēnḍi-) "to rise, expand, swell, distend"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : raiyali "to burst"

Kuwi (Schulze) : lainai "to burst"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : ṛay- (-it-) "to be cracked (stone)"

Kuwi (Israel) : ṛāy- (-it-) "to crack, (boil) to burst"

Additional forms : Also Kui pl. action vlētka (vlētki-); vlēpa (vlēt-) to swell, distend; vlēpka (< vlēk-p-; vlēkt-) to cause to expand, stretch, widen out

Notes : A former bisyllabic base. In Kui it exists by itself (*vḷi- > vlē-), as well as extended by the suffix -nd- (or is it -nḍ-?). In Kuwi *vḷi- > *vḷay- > *ḷay-.

Number in DED : 5432

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *uluɣ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to rub to soften (skin), to crumple

Russian meaning: разминать шкуру, сминать

Proto-Yupik: *uluɣ-

Proto-Inupik: *uluɣ-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 367

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *uluɣ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to crumple, to rub to soften (skin)

Russian Meaning: мять, разминать (шкуру)

Sirenik: uɫǝ́χtǝqǝ̄́χtǝʁá (esp. wool)

Chaplino: ulúɣaqā

Naukan: ulúɣāqa

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: uluɣ- else 'to massage'

Central Alaskan Yupik: uluɣ-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 367

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *uluɣ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to rub and twidt (skin or clothing)

Russian meaning: растирать и скручивать (шкуру или одежду)

Seward Peninsula Inupik: uluk-

SPI Dialects: Imaq ulúɣaɣa

North Alaskan Inupik: uluk-

Western Canadian Inupik: uluk-

Eastern Canadian Inupik: uluk-

Greenlandic Inupik: uluɣ- 'to rub to soften (skin)'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 367

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