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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *giri-
Meaning: to cut out
Russian meaning: вырезать
Evenki: gir-
Even: gịr-
Negidal: gī-, gịj-
Literary Manchu: giri-
Ulcha: Gịrị-
Orok: Gịrị-
Nanai: Gịrị-
Oroch: gī-, giji-
Udighe: gī-
Comments: ТМС 1, 153-154. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *gi̯óro ( ~ -ŕ-)
Meaning: to cut, carve, shear
Russian meaning: резать; измельчать, ломать
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 288, Miller-Street 1975, 108ff (with a somewhat different distribution of roots). MKor. kằr-hằi- < *kǝ̀r-hằi- through assimilation (?). The root tends to contaminate with a number of similar roots: see *k`ĭ̀rka, *k`ĭ̀régV, *kìro. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *gur-
Meaning: 1 carving 2 whetstone
Russian meaning: 1 резьба 2 точильный камень
Written Mongolian: ɣorbi 1, ɣuranǯu 2 (L 369) Khalkha: gurvi 1, guranʒ 2
Buriat: guŕba 1
Kalmuck: guŕwǝ, goŕwǝ 1
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kár-
Meaning: to shear, mow
Russian meaning: срезать, косить
Old Japanese: kar-
Middle Japanese: kár-
Tokyo: kàr-
Kyoto: kár-
Kagoshima: kár-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *gVrV
Meaning: to scratch
Uralic: F.-Saam. *kirja 'line, sign, ornament'; cf. also *kurńa 'notch, furrow' ? References: ND 919 *kirV ~ *girV (incorr. Turk. + Drav. + IE + Berb.). Cf. *gVrVbV nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *g'har(a)- / -e-
Meaning: to scratch, to scrape
Old Indian: ghárṣati `to rub, brush, grind, crush' ?
Old Greek: kharássō, att. -ttō `spitzen, schärfen, ritzen, eingraben, stempeln, prägen', khárak-s, -akos m./f. `Spitzpfahl, Weinpfahl, Schutzpfahl, Pfahlwerk, Palissade'; kharádrǟ 'mountain-stream, torrent, which cuts itself a way down the mountain-side; the bed of such a stream, gully, ravine; wounds produed by scourging'
Russ. meaning: царапать, скоблить
References: WP I 602
piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *ǯer̃- vb. tr. (dila. ǯer̂-), *ǯer̃-t-uw-iā̃ f., *ǯar̃-s-t-ī̂- vb., *ǯir̂- vb. intr., *pa=ǯar̃-t-i- c.
Meaning: scrape, rake
Lithuanian: žer̃ti (žẽria, žḗrē) 'glühende Kohlen zusammenscharren; streuen, schütten; vergraben, werfen; grob antworten; schnell gehen, fahren od. sonst etwas tun', ostlit. žérti, nužer̃ti 'wegwischen, -scharren', žertuvē̃ 'Aschenkasten; Gefäss zum Ausmachen der Glut', dial. žertùvē 'dass.'; žarstī́ti '(mehrfach) scharren, schüren; žìrti (žī̃ra/žìrsta, žìrō) 'streuend auseinenderfahren; funkeln'
Old Prussian: passortis V. 334 'Stange zum Feuerschüren'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-oprus,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *gīr_-
Meaning : line; to draw lines
Notes : Unclear whether Central Dravidian forms are original or re-borrowed. PGn has *-r rather than *-r_, but it is based only on Konda evidence: gīr, and we cannot exclude the possibility of *-r_ > *-r in Konda. PN form is also probably re-borrowed or influenced by Tamil, because of initial *k-.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *gīr_-
Meaning : to scratch, draw lines
Tamil : kīr_u (kīr_i-)
Tamil meaning : to scratch, draw lines, scribble, write; n. scratch, mark, stroke, scrawl, writing
Tamil derivates : kīr_al scratching, marking, drawing lines, writing; kīr_r_u stroke, line, mark, stripe; kir_ukku (kir_ukki-) to scribble, write illegibly, cancel, score out; n. scribble, scoring out anything written; kir_ukkal scribbling, scoring out; (Tinn.) kīcu to scratch
Malayalam : kīr_u
Malayalam meaning : a stripe
Malayalam derivates : kīr_uka to scratch, draw lines; kir_ukka to erase, strike out; kīcukka to scratch (as fowls)
Kannada : gīr_u
Kannada meaning : to scratch, scrape, draw lines or streaks; n. a line, streak, stripe
Kannada derivates : kīr_u to scratch, scrape; gīṭu a line, stroke; gīku to scratch, scrape, etc.; gīcu id., to scrawl, scribble, draw a line or lines over with a pen; n. scratch, line made with a pen, scrawling; gīju to draw a line or lines over with a pen; kir_uku to scratch out, erase
Kodagu : gīc- (gīci-)
Kodagu meaning : to make a mark by scratching
Tulu : kīruni, gīruni
Tulu meaning : to scratch, wound slightly by the nails
Tulu derivates : kīrụ, gīrụ, gīru scratch, superficial wound; gīṭụ line, stroke, mark; gīcuni to scratch over with a pen, scrawl, draw lines; gerè a line, row, stroke
Miscellaneous : KOR (T) kīt- to scrape
Number in DED : 1623
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-misc,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kīr (*-r_)
Meaning : a mark, line
Kota : kīr
Number in DED : 1623
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *gīr_-
Meaning : to scratch, scrape, (K. also) comb with fingers
Telugu : gīr_u
Telugu (Krishnamurti) : gir_upu "to pass fingers through (as feathers of a bird, etc.), pat, stroke"
Additional forms : Also gīruḍu scratching, scraping; [1] gīr_a, [2] gī̃ta stroke, line; gī̃ku to scratch, scrape, erase; [1] gīcu, [2] gīyu to scratch, scrape, draw (as a line on a surface); gīṭu line, mark, stroke; kīṭu layer, stratum, (B also) line, mark, stroke; [1] gir_uku, [2] giluku to scribble; jilugu a cursive hand or writing, illegibility; (K also) vb. to write letters illegibly without leaving spaces; (K) jīru to scratch, scrape; jīra line, streak, stripe; ger_a line
Number in DED : 1623
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_kr,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gīr- (*-r_-)
Meaning : line, mark
Kolami : kīra "stripe"
Naiki : khīr "line"
Parji : gīr
Poya Gadba : gīri "line"
Number in DED : 1623
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-poya,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gīr-
Meaning : line
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-kon,gndet-kui,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : gīr
Meaning: line (BB)
Number in DED : 1623
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gīr-
Meaning : line
Kui : gīra "line, mark, scrape"
Kuwi (Schulze) : lōki garri grīnai "to underline"
Tekriya Kuwi : giri
Kuwi (Israel) : gīra "line on the palm of the hand"
Notes : Kuwi_S grīnai < *gīr-inai.
Number in DED : 1623
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_t,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVRV
Meaning : to scrape
African (misc.) : Bantu *-kùd- 'scrape'.
Notes : Obviously several roots that have to be sorted out.
Reference : GE 30 *gir (+ NS). globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-afr,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳaraʕ-
Meaning: cut
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-wch,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-agw,afaset-lec,afaset-hec,afaset-wrz,afaset-dhl,
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Semitic etymology :
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Number: 539
Proto-Semitic: *ḳVrVʕ- ~ *ḳVʕVr-
Meaning: 'to tear, rend' 1, 'cut (trees)' 2
Hebrew: ḳrʕ 1 KB 1146
Arabic: ḳʕr [-a-] 2
Notes: Metathesis
semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-hbr,semet-ara,semet-notes,
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West Chadic etymology :
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Proto-WChadic: *ḳar-
Meaning: 'cut', slaughter' 1 , 'cut off' 2
Hausa: ḳírà 2
Bolewa: kàrā́ 1 [ShV]
Pero: kara- 1 [Sh]
Ngamo: kara-1 [Sh]
Notes: ireegular vowel in Hausa
wchet-prnum,wchet-meaning,wchet-hsa,wchet-bol,wchet-per,wchet-ngm,wchet-notes,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *kVr/Vw/-
Meaning: 'cut grass with a sickle to prepare a new field'
Mofu-Gudur: -kǝ́rw- [BMo]
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mof,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *kVr-
Meaning: 'carve'
Ndam: kǝrâ [JgD]
Notes: Cf. Bidiya koor 'scrape, plane' [JBid]
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-ndm,echet-notes,
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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :
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Proto-Agaw: *ḳaraʕ-
Meaning: 'cut'
Bilin: ḳaraaʕ y-
agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-bil,
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Low East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ḳar-
Meaning: 'sharp, point' (v)
Somali: qor-
Oromo (Galla): qara
Notes: Cf. also LEC *ḳor- "cut, carve" (Som qor-, Or qor-, Arb qor-), *ḳar- "shave oneself" (Arb qar-)
lecet-prnum,lecet-meaning,lecet-som,lecet-oro,lecet-notes,
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High East Cushitic etymology :
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Proto-High East Cushitic: *ḳar-
Meaning: 'be sharp'
Sidamo: ḳar-aaʔm-
hecet-prnum,hecet-meaning,hecet-sid,
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Warazi etymology :
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Proto-Warazi: *ḳar-
Meaning: 'sharp'
Gawwada (Gawata): qaru
wrzet-prnum,wrzet-meaning,wrzet-gaw,
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Dahalo etymology :
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Dahalo: ḳeer-
Meaning: 'cut'
dhlet-prnum,dhlet-meaning,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳirV́
Meaning: knife
Comments and references : ? Cf. PAN *kǝ[L]it' 'dagger' (Peiros 1998, 222).
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳirV
Meaning: knife, axe
Notes: An Av.-And.-Lezg. isogloss.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ḳirV
Meaning: big knife, hatchet
Avar: ḳerelo (Unt.)
Akhvakh: ḳeru (Tlan.)
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ḳira
Meaning: 1 hook,stick with a hook 2 fang 3 hatchet, small axe
Lezghian: ḳir 1,2
Tabasaran: ḳir 2
Rutul: ḳiruw 3 (Khnov.)
Tsakhur: ḳera 3
Kryz: ḳir 1
Budukh: ḳir 1
Archi: ḳiri 3
Comment: Obl. base *ḳirä- (cf. the Tsakh. form and Tab. ḳira-). Arch. and Rut. reflex a suffixed form *ḳirä-j / *ḳiru-j ( > ḳiruw). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-krz,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Krij
Meaning: brass, copper
Tibetan: gri knife.
Burmese: krijh copper, brass, LB *krijx .
Kachin: mǝgri1 brass (cf. also (H) n-khji a small knife)).
Lushai: KC *M-Gre ? iron.
Comments: Midzhu teŋ-gri. Sh. 184; Ben. 22; Mat. 177; Luce 10.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-comments,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *KVr
Meaning: scrape, dig
Proto-Austroasiatic: *ki:r Austroasiatic meaning: scrape, dig
Proto-Austronesian: *karkar 'dig' or *ukir 'carving'
Austronesian meaning: dig
Notes: or ANB *kahiR scratch, scrape, rake; cf. *KVr 'shave, scrape'.
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-notes,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ki:r
Meaning: scrape, dig
Proto-Palaungic: Pr gi
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: kiǝr, kiǝl
Meaning: to scrape
References: JP18
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-ref,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *ki:r
Meaning: dig
Presyllable: #
Old Mon: ki:r
Nyakur: ci:r.L
Nyakur meaning: dig
References: N215; S-40
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-om,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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