Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jɨdruk / *judruk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: fist

Russian meaning: кулак

Old Turkic: jɨdruq (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: juδruq (MK)

Tatar: jodrɨq

Sary-Yughur: uzruq

Turkmen: judruq (dial.)

Khakassian: nuzurux

Shor: nuzruq

Oyrat: d́udruq

Yakut: suturuq

Tuva: čuduruq

Kirghiz: ǯuduruq

Kazakh: žudɨrɨq

Bashkir: joδroq

Karaim: juduruq, judurux

Karakalpak: žudɨrɨq

Comments: EDT 892, Дыбо 182-183, ЭСТЯ 4, 248-249, Лексика 253. Turk. > Kalm. ǯudr-xǝ 'mit der Faust die Haut abziehen, die Haut und das Fleisch zwängen und so abhäuten' (KW 115). Many modern languages reflect (such as Turkm. jumruq etc.) reflect secondary forms *jumruk or *jumduruk - an obvious result of contamination with *jum- 'round'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ni̯údurgi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fist

Russian meaning: кулак

Turkic: *jɨdruk / *judruk

Mongolian: *nidurga

Tungus-Manchu: *nurga

Japanese: *nínkír-

Comments: EAS 77, KW 280, Владимирцов 187, 369, Poppe 39, Дыбо 317, Лексика 253. Despite Щербак 1997, 125 and Doerfer MT 77, Rozycki 164 borrowing in Mong. from Turk. and TM from Mong. is excluded. TM has a regular loss of *-d- before -r-, with subsequent vowel contraction; Jpn. also reflects a contraction: *ni̯údurgi > *nuj(u)ki- > *ni(n)ki-. It is interesting to note that all subgroups reflex the form with *-rgi; this means that Mong. nidur(a)-, nidu-či- 'to strike with the fist' may be analogical back-formations (or else the most archaic forms reflecting suffixless *ni̯údu).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *nidurga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: fist

Russian meaning: кулак

Written Mongolian: nidurga

Middle Mongolian: nudurxa (HY 46), nudurqa (SH), nūdor- 'to hit with the fist' (LH), nudurqa (MA)

Khalkha: nudargan

Buriat: ńudarga

Kalmuck: nudrɣǝ

Ordos: nudurGa

Baoan: nǝdǝrGa

Shary-Yoghur: nudurGa

Monguor: nudurGa (SM 288), nudǝrGa

Comments: KW 280, MGCD 517.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *nurga

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: fist

Russian meaning: кулак

Evenki: dial. nụrka

Negidal: nojga, nelga

Spoken Manchu: nuǯan (79)

Literary Manchu: nuǯan

Ulcha: ńụGǯa

Oroch: nugga

Solon: norɣa, nuruga

Comments: ТМС 1, 590.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *nínkír-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to hold in the hand

Russian meaning: хватать, держать в руке

Old Japanese: nigjir-

Middle Japanese: nígír-

Tokyo: nìgir-

Kyoto: nígír-

Kagoshima: nìgìr-

Comments: JLTT 735.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *nüdu-

Meaning: fist

Altaic: *ni̯údurgi

Uralic: *niδe (*nüδe) 'handle'; ? *ńurka 'fist' (FB)

Dravidian: *muṭ-

References: ND 1627 *ńut/duRV[q̇]V 'fist, knuckles' (+ very dub. Sem.).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 602

Proto: *niδe (*nüδe)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: handle, shaft

German meaning: Griff, Stiel, Schaft

Finnish: nysi (gen. nyden), lysi (gen. lyden) 'Griff, Handhabe am Sensenstiel (für die rechte Hand), Sensenstiel', nyttö 'Handgriff od. Knauf am Sensenstiel'

Estonian: lüsi (gen. löe) 'Griff, Handhabe am Sensenstiel; Schwertgriff'

Saam (Lapp): nâđđâ -đ- (N) 'handle, shaft', nahta (L) 'Stiel, Griff (eines Messers, einer Axt)', nøtt (Kld.), nødd (Not.) 'Schaft, Stiel, Haft'

Mordovian: ńed́, ńäd́ (E), ńed́ (M) 'Stiel, Schaft'

Khanty (Ostyak): nö̆l (V), nĕt (DN), nȧ̆l (O) 'Schaft, Griff, Stiel'

Mansi (Vogul): näl (TJ KU), nǟl (P), nal (So.) 'Stiel'

Hungarian: nyél (acc. nyelet) 'Griff, Stiel, Haft, Schaft'

Nenets (Yurak): nirʔ (O) 'Messergriff'

Enets (Yen): ńīʔ (ɣɛŋ. ńīδoʔ) 'Messerschaft'

Nganasan (Tawgi): ńir

Selkup: nir (Ta. Ke.) 'Schaft (am Messer, Axt)', ner (Ty.)

Kamass: ńirže 'Schaft'

Janhunen's version: (59) *nüdi

Sammalahti's version: *nüdi

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *muṭ-

Meaning : 1 fist, hammer 2 to hammer

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *muṭ-

Proto-Telugu : *moṭṭ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *muṭ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *muṭ-

Proto-North Dravidian : *muṭ-k-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *muṭ-

Meaning : to knock

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : muṭṭu (muṭṭi-)

Tamil meaning : to dash against, butt, oppose, meet, assault, attack, fight; n. battering, butting

Tamil derivates : muṭṭikai jeweller's small hammer

Malayalam : muṭṭu

Malayalam meaning : knocking, tapping, butting, dunning

Malayalam derivates : muṭṭuka to dash against, knock, tap, butt, strike as a bell or clock; muṭṭikka to press, harass, make to hit, knock, dash, etc.; muṭṭi hammer

Kannada : moṭṭu

Kannada meaning : to rap the head (of another) with the knuckles of the fist; n. a rap with the knuckles of the fist

Kodagu : muṭṭ- (muṭṭi-)

Kodagu meaning : to bump against

Proto-Nilgiri : *muṭ-

Notes : Kannada moṭṭu by analogy with mōdu 'to strike, hit'.

Number in DED : 4932

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *muṭ-

Meaning : to harm

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : muṭ- (muc-) "to meet, harm"

Toda : -mil muṭy "(to quarrel) about (for -mil see 5086)"

Additional forms : Also Kota miṭk small hammer; Toda ? muṭ- (muṭy-) to outstrip

Number in DED : 4932

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *moṭṭ-

Meaning : to give a blow or stroke with the knuckles, esp. on the head, give a blow or knock on one hard body with another that is smaller

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : moṭṭu

Additional forms : Also [1] moṭṭu, [2] moṭṭukāya a knock with the knuckles, a blow on a hard body with one that is smaller

Number in DED : 4932

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *muṭ-

Meaning : fist

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : muṭṭ- "to hammer"

Poya Gadba : muṭa

Additional forms : Also Parji muṭka blow with fist

Number in DED : 4932

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *muṭ-

Meaning : fist; hammer

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *muṭ-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *muṭ-la

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *muṭ-la

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *muṭ-

Meaning : hammer

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Muria Gondi : muṭ

Koya Gondi : muṭiya

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu muṭka a blow

Number in DED : 4932

Number in CVOTGD : 2874

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *muṭ-la

Meaning : hammer

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : muṭla

Manda : muṭla

Number in DED : 4932

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *muṭ-la

Meaning : hammer

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Sunkarametta Kuwi : muṭla

Number in DED : 4932

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *muṭ-k-

Meaning : to deal a heavy blow with the fist

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : muṭgaʔānā

Additional forms : Also KUR muṭgā, muṭkā clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist; muṭkaʔānā to hit or hammer at with the fist.

Number in DED : 4932

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