Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *KVm

Meaning: dark

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *gam (+ Katu *ku:m 'black')

Austroasiatic meaning: pale, brownish

Proto-Austronesian: (Ache pǝgɔm cloudy)

Proto-Thai: gam.B evening, twilight; CHE

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gam

Meaning: pale, brownish

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: gam.B evening, twilight; CHE

Proto-Bahnaric: BAH gam

Khmer: srǝgam

Proto-Palaungic: Pr kam.B

References: Kh 761

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *găm

Meaning: black

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: gam

Bahnar meaning: black

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric:

Meaning: black

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: gam.T

Rengao meaning: black

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVMV

Meaning : black, dark

Eurasiatic : *ḳUmV

Afroasiatic : *kum-

Sino-Caucasian : ? ST *kǝ̄m ( ~ g-, q-, G-) 'purple, brown'

Austric : *KVm

Reference : ND 1066b.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳUmV

Meaning: black, dark

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`ume ( ~ -i̯u-)

Uralic: *kumV 'darkness, cloud' [if separable from 'cloud']

References: ND 1066b *ḲUmV. May be = *HaḳumV q.v.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`ume ( ~ -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: black; coal

Russian meaning: черный; уголь

Turkic: *kömür

Korean: *kǝ̄m-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 295. A Turk.-Kor. isogloss (cf. also Old Koguryo *kămul 'black', see Miller 1979, 8; perhaps also Manchu χumara- 'to sully', ТМС 1, 477). The comparison seems quite possible, although the scarcity of reflexes prevents a secure reconstruction of vocalism.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *kömür

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: coal

Russian meaning: уголь

Old Turkic: kömür (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kömür (MK, KB)

Turkish: kömür

Tatar: kümer

Middle Turkic: kömür (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH), kimür (Abush.)

Uzbek: kụmir

Uighur: kömü(r)

Azerbaidzhan: kömür

Turkmen: kömür

Khakassian: kömǝr

Oyrat: kömür

Chuvash: kъʷmrъʷk

Yakut: kömör

Dolgan: kömör

Tuva: xömür

Kirghiz: kömür

Kazakh: kömǝr

Noghai: kömǝr

Bashkir: kümer

Balkar: kömür

Gagauz: kömür

Karakalpak: kömǝr

Kumyk: kömür

Comments: VEWT 289 (relating the stem to köm- 'to bury, dig' seems rather dubious), ЭСТЯ 5, 102-103, Лексика 365, Stachowski 156.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kǝ̄m-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: black

Russian meaning: черный

Modern Korean: kǝ̄m-, k:ǝ̄m-, kām-, k:ām-

Middle Korean: kǝ̄m-, kǝ̀m-

Comments: Liu 48, HMCH 278, KED 101. Modern length and gemination are obviously late and expressive.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 401

Proto: *kumV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: cloud

German meaning: Wolke

Finnish: kumuri 'Wölkchen'

Mordovian: kovol (E) 'Wolke'

Komi (Zyrian): ki̮me̮r, ki̮me̮^.r (S P) 'Wolke', ki̮med- (VO) 'заслонять свет'

Mansi (Vogul): χomχat- (So.) 'nebelig werden'

Hungarian: homály 'Finsternis, Dunkelheit; (altung.) finstere Wolke, Nebel'

Sammalahti's version: *kumala [warum *-la? - EH)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-

Meaning: be black

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔVka/um- 'black'

Egyptian: km 'black' (pyr)

Central Chadic: *kaHim- 'shadow' 1, 'yesterday' 2

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kVm- 'be evening'

Warazi (Dullay): *kum- 'black'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 3015

Proto-Semitic: *ʔVka/um-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'black'

Aramaic: Pal ʔwkm, ʔkwm

Syrian Aramaic: ʔukkām-

Modern Aramaic: Urm kūm

Mandaic Aramaic: ʕkum-

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: km

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'black' (pyr)

Coptic: *kame 'black'

Bohairic: k'ame

Sahidic: kame

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kaHVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'shadow' 1, 'yesterday' 2

Buduma=Yedina: kaimē 1 [LBud]

Banana: kā́má 2 [Lk: 133]

Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

Proto-Agaw: *kVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be evening'

Awiya (Aungi): kǝm-ǝn

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *kum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'black'

Gawwada (Gawata): kumma

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