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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *lVw
Meaning: to speak, tell
Austroasiatic meaning: tell
Proto-Thai: kla:w.B speak; lau.B tell
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *law / *la:w
Meaning: tell
Thai: kla:w.B speak; lau.B tell
Khmer: kla:w
Proto-Monic: M lau
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,
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Palaung-Wa etymology :
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Proto-Palaung-Wa: *la(:)w
Meaning: to tell, chat
Riang: lâw.2
Riang meaning: to tell, inform
Proto-Angku: **la(:)w, Q-
pawaet-meaning,pawaet-prnum,pawaet-prwa,pawaet-riang,pawaet-rimeam,pawaet-pran,
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Wa etymology :
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Proto-Wa: *lau
Meaning: to tell
Paraok: lau.B
Paraok meaning: don't say
Ava: lau.2 CHE
Wa (dial.): lau.2
Wa (dial.) meaning: to tell stories
prwaet-meaning,prwaet-prnum,prwaet-praok,prwaet-praokme,prwaet-mas,prwaet-gs,prwaet-gsme,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : HVLV
Meaning : to say, speak
globet-meaning,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HíŁV̆
Meaning: to say
Comments and references : HGC 21, DCE 33. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *HiŁ_V ( ~ -ä-)
Meaning: to say
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Vowel length is not clear (PN probably reflects an alternation of long/short root vowels); otherwise regular. Cf. also Hurr. χill- 'to speak' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 51). See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241 (with incorrect Lezg. and Darg. parallels).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *lē-w- / *ʔāʎ-
Meaning: to say
Chechen: lē-, āl-
Ingush: le-, al-
Batsbi: lev-, aʎ-
Comments: The PN paradigm is *ʔāʎ- (term.) vs. *lē-w- (with loss of initial vowel) (dur.). In Bacb. there also exists a secondary Ablaut stem law- "to talk to someone".
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *hiƛ̣:-
Meaning: to say
Andian language: hiƛ̣:on-
Akhvakh: eƛ̣:- (Gudava)
Chamalal: iƛ̣:-
Tindi: hiƛ̣:-
Karata: k-eƛ̣:-
Botlikh: hiƛ̣:-
Bagvalal: hiƛ̣:-
Godoberi: hiƛ̣:-
Comments: Cf. also Kar. Arch., Anch. heƛ̣:-, Cham. Gig. hiƛ̣:-. k- in Kar. is an old preverb. Reasons for -n-conjugation in And. are not clear. In Tindi there also exists a word ƛ̣:o 'a particle of indirect speech ("says")', reflecting an old Ablaut stem.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ʔiƛ-
Meaning: 1 to speak, say 2 to call
Tsezi: eƛ- 1
Ginukh: eƛ- 1
Khvarshi: iƛ- 1
Inkhokvari: iƛ- 1
Bezhta: iƛ- 2
Gunzib: iƛ- 2
Comments: PTsKh, PGB *ʔiƛ-. Cf. also Gunz. ƛe 'a particle of indirect speech ("says")', and aƛ- 'to cry (out)' which probably reflect old Ablaut variants.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆
Meaning: speak, speech
Tibetan: zla, zlo (s) (p. bzlas, bzlos, f. bzlo, i. zlos) to say, tell, express.
Lushai: hla a hymn, a song (KC *hla).
Lepcha: lí, li-n to speak, to tell
Comments: Bunan la-la. Sh. 138, Bod. 181. Kiranti *blä(t) 'say' probably reflects the same root with Ablaut. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 辭
Modern (Beijing) reading: cí
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝ
Classic Old Chinese: lhǝ
Western Han Chinese: lhǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ
Late Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ
Middle Chinese: zjɨ
English meaning : words, speech; excuse, indictment, pleading
Russian meaning[s]: 1) речь, слова; выступление; показание; выражение, фраза; говорить; 2) отказать; отказаться; зарекаться; уступить; распрощаться; уволить; подать в отставку; 3) повод, предлог
Comments: Viet. lò'i is an archaic loanword; regular Sino-Viet. is tù'.
Radical: 160
Four-angle index: 2419
Karlgren code: 0968 a
Vietnamese reading: lò'i
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 2448
Character: 辭
MC description : 止開三平之邪
ZIHUI: 6588 0418
Beijing: chi_ 12
Jinan: chi_ 12
Xi'an: si_ 12
Taiyuan: chi_ 1
Hankou: chi_ 12
Chengdu: chi_ 12
Yangzhou: chi_ 12
Suzhou: zi_ 12
Wenzhou: zi_ 12
Changsha: ci_ 12
Shuangfeng: ʒi_ 12
Nanchang: chi_ 12
Meixian: chi_ 12
Guangzhou: čhi 12
Xiamen: su 12 (lit.); si 12
Chaozhou: si_ 12
Fuzhou: sy 12
Shanghai: zi_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: si_ 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *lǝ
Meaning: speech, word
Sunwar: lō
Tulung: lɔ
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: lɔma
Grammar: vi-7 [1: lɔi- 2: lɔ- 3: lǝi- 4: lɔ-]
Meaning: tell, order
Nepali: bhannu.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: lu:ma II
Stem: <lu:s- ; lu:->
Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.
Meaning: to say to somebody
Comments: lu:beʔma to answer; lu:seʔma to explain, to say everything.
yamet-prnum,yamet-stem,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,yamet-comments,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔVĺ-
Meaning: to speak
Ket: ĺaĺ4 (North.), Kur. ĺa:ĺi4, Bak., Sur. ĺa:ĺǝ4 "to babble"
Kottish: d́-ili "speaking", d́il-ākŋ "to speak", praet. d́illōkŋ
Arin: qedɨ́lči (М., Сл., Кл.)
Pumpokol: kalú (Сл.)
Comments: In ССЕ 308 the Kott. form is attributed to *ʒVl- 'speak': this reconstruction is probably erroneous. We should probably reconstruct *ʔVĺ- and reduplicated *ĺVĺ- - cf. Werner 2, 6-7 <*ʎaʔǝlǝ / *d'aʔǝlǝ>. Velar q-, k- in Arin and Pumpokol are in this case most probably preverbial elements.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *lte-
Meaning: 1 to swear 2 oath
Yasin: te- / -lte- 1
Hunza: te-ṣ 2
Nagar: te-ṣ 2
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,
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