Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 158

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀqhV

Meaning : not

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀqhuV́

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀu

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss (with Hadza parallels?). The vowel is hard to determine; judging by the variety of forms in !Wi, there was some kind of alternation (ablaut?) or constant samdhi going on.

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *||qhuV́

Meaning : not

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ||qhúa

Masarwa : ||kʔa, ||kā̰a̰, ||kai; ||kwa "do not, cannot"

|Nu//en : ||ku

References : Bleek 518, 547, 551, 562, 566, 582, 590, 596, 611, 626; Traill 117.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *||u

Meaning : not

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : k"au, k"aúki (B.); ||au (Lich.); k"aŭ́kĭ, ouki (Ll.)

//Ng : ||ku, =||kɔ, ||ke, ||kau

N|huki : ||u

#Khomani : ||ke, ||kai, ||ko, ||ku (Mg.)

//Kxau : ku̯aṅ

Seroa : ||kau (Wu.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||ka; gwi (?)

|Auni : ||kwā, ||kaa; ||ko "to refuse"

|Nusan : ||ou "do not, shall not"; ||k"xou "shall not"

References : Bleek 53, 121, 155, 328, 518, 547, 551, 562, 566, 582, 590, 596, 611, 626; Bleek 1929: 62; Maingard 245; Meinhof 1929: 187; NFn.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ƛVkV (?)

Meaning : not

Proto-Bushman : *||qhV

Sandawe : *ƛāki

Hadza : *kʷV (?)

Notes : The Hadza connection is less probable than the Sandawe-Khoe one.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *ƛāki

Meaning : to lack; to be nothing; naked

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : t_aki "nichts" (D.); tlaaki (K.); tlaki "il n'y en a pas" (Kim.)

References : Dempwolff 53; Kagaya 102; Kimmenade 56.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *kʷV

Meaning : not

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : akwá, akwé, kwene (B.)

References : Bleek 8, 113.

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