Peripheral Khoisan etymology : List with all references

Number : 319

Proto-Bushman : *ǀhɔ

Meaning : bow

Proto-Ju : *ǀʼũ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀhā

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀhɔ

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The NK form is unreliable (the usual root is *ɳǀǀao^h), but phonetically corresponds perfectly to the SK forms, and no possible sources of borrowing can be found.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ntʰari

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: tongue

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dʰȁrì (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dʼʰeri

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tarí

!Kung (Lloyd) : tɛ́rri

!Kung (Doke): n_tʰālī

!Kung (Vedder): tàri

!Kung (Wilhelm): tắriː ~ tĭri

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tali

!O!Kung (Snyman): tʰārì

Kavango : dʰà^rrì

Ekoka : d̀tʰàlì (4)

Tsumkwe : dʰārì

Tsintsabis : tʰàrì

Okongo : tʰàrì

Leeunes : dʰàrè

Mpunguvlei : tʰàrì

Cuito : tʰàrì

Cuando : tʰàrì

South Omatako : dʰàrì

North Omatako : dʰàrì

Kameeldoring : dʰàrí

Lister : dʰàrí

Notes : As is the standard situation elsewhere in Khoisan (and beyond Khoisan as well), the word features severe consonantal irregularities. The fluctuation between all four possible variants of the dental stop (t, tʰ, d, dʰ) is not easily explained, nor is the prenasalisation in Doke's n_tʰali; the latter may, in fact, be archaic, given the presence of nasal articulation in potentially related words for 'tongue' outside NK.

References : Bleek 149, 189, 193, 198, 203; Dickens 195; Heikkinen 1986; KH 24; Snyman 40; Snyman 1980: 53; Snyman 1997: 39.

RefLex number: 131

nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-wlh,nkhet-okn,nkhet-osn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *|hā

Stems : *|hā-be; *|hã̄

Meaning : bow

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : |hābe 3 I, pl. |hàn 2 II

Masarwa : |habe (Schu.)

|Nu//en : |habe

References : Bleek 286, 287; Traill 65.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *|hɔ

Stems : *|hɔ-u

Meaning : bow

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

//Ng : =|gou, |gɔ̄, |keou

#Khomani : |khou (Dk., Mg.)

//Kxau : |kau

//Ku//e : |ʔhau

|Auni : |háã, |hʌn, |ʌn

|Haasi : |haŋ

Khatia : -|haŋ

References : Bleek 282, 286, 287, 291, 303, 309, 313, 361; Maingard 245.