Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 429

Proto-Bushman : *!̯xao

Meaning : hippopotamus

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯xao

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀkx(o)a (?)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The !Wi parallel is unreliable, but the NK root has trustworthy correspondences in PCK.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ǀǀaˤma (*-b-)

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to wear, get dressed

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ǀǀàˤmà "get dressed, put on (clothes)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀǀaˤma

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀǀaˤmma ~ ǀǀamma "to wear, sling on, put on"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀǀáˤba ~ ǀǀábbaː "to sling on"

!Kung (Doke): ǀǀaːvà "to dress"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀǀaba "to wear"

Kavango : ɡǀǀȁbȁ "wear a necklace" (?)

Notes : The Kavango (Kwangali) form may be contaminated with *ɡǀǀaba "to wear (footwear)", to which it corresponds better phonetically but worse semantically.

References : Bleek 548, 555, 564; Heikkinen 1986; Dickens 328; Snyman 59.

RefLex number: 2582

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *||kx(o)a

Meaning : hippopotamus

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

//Ng : ||k"wā

References : Bleek 609.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *!̯xao

Meaning : hippopotamus

Proto-Bushman : *!̯xao

Proto-Khoe : *!xáò

Notes : See Honken 1998: 187. The click seems to have been retroflex in North Khoisan, which makes the borrowing scenario from Khoe not likely.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *!xáò

Meaning : hippopotamus

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *!xao

West Khoe : *!xáò

East Khoe : *!xáò

References : Baucom 22; Vossen 437.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *!xao

Meaning : hippopotamus

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : !khao-s

!Ora : !xàù-s; !chaush (Wu.)

References : Haacke 104; Meinhof 134; Rust 228; Wuras 27.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *!xáò

Meaning : hippopotamus

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : xáò

Kxoe (Hukwe) : xáò (Kö.)

Buga : xáò

|Ganda : xáò

Naro : !xáò (V.); !káù (Ba.)

#Haba : xáò

References : Barnard 38; Vossen 437.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *!xáò

Meaning : hippopotamus

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : xáò

Deti : xáò

Cara : xáò

Tsixa : !xáó

Danisi : !xáò

Tsua : xáò

References : Vossen 437.

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