Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 872

Proto-Bushman : *ǂxo

Meaning : ugly

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ǂxo-

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂxo-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss (with possible Nama parallels?). In NK cf. perhaps *ǀkxau 'bad', although the correspondences would be completely irregular.

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ǂxo-

Stems : *ǂxo-ĩ; *ǂxo-ra

Meaning : bad, ugly

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ǂxóĩ-sà/-sì (ń), pl. ǂxȭ-jā (kâ)

|Nu//en : ǂxora

!Xoong derivates : ǂxōje 3 II, dim. ǂxòju-bâ "badness, ugliness"

References : Bleek 680; Traill 136.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ǂxo-

Stems : *ǂxo-ĩ; *ǂxo-ã (?)

Meaning : ugly

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !xwī̃ (B.), !x`wĭ<sup>ŋ</sup>, !x`wenya, !xo̥hĕ́^ŋ, !xŏhí^ŋ (Ll.)

//Ng : !xē

N|huki : ǂhõẽ

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||xoã

Notes : The exact number of different stems is unclear (is ||Ng !xē < *!xo-e or *!xo-ĩ?). The transcription -h- for N|huki is possibly erroneous (by all means, a velar fricative release should be expected).

References : Bleek 498, 501, 504, 636; NFn.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ǂxu (?)

Meaning : bad, evil

Proto-Bushman : *ǂxo

Proto-Khoe : *ǂkxu (?)

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ǂkxu (?)

Meaning : evil

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *ǂʔu (*ǂkx-)

Notes : Nama only, with possible external parallels.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *ǂʔu (*ǂkx-)

Meaning : evil, eccentric

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ǂūxa "eccentric; bad-mannered, moody", ǂū||oa "evil, vicious", ǂūǂū "speak ill of, defame"

References : Haacke 113.

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