Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 878

Proto-Bushman : *ǂGhe (?)

Meaning : milk

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂqhè

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₂he-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss (possible outside parallels as well).

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂqhè

Meaning : breast; milk

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ɡǂqhẽ̀ 2 II (pos.), ɡǂqhẽ̄ 3 I (al.), pl. -tê 2 II "breast"; ɡǂqhẽ̀ 3 II "milk"

Masarwa : ǂxē, !xē, !xi "milk"; ||xānsa "breasts"

|Nu//en : ǂgẽ "milk"

References : Bleek 438, 460, 499, 567, 568, 570, 597, 632, 646, 679; Traill 143.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₂he-

Meaning : breast; milk

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !khweí, emph. !khweĭ́tǝn "breast", pl. !kwái!kwai (B.); !khwai (Ll.)

//Ng : ||kẽ̄, ||kē "breasts, udders"; ||kēgǝn, ||kēŋ "milk"

N|huki : ||hǝ̃ĩ, ||ǝ̃ĩ "breast"; ||hǝi-kje "milk"

//Ku//e : ||kwaŋ "milk"

|Auni : ||keĩsi "breast"

|Haasi : ǂgē "milk"

|Nusan : !koadden "milk"

Notes : It is unclear if the |Xam alternation !khwei/!k(h)wai is a genuine morphological alternation or completely fictitious. The other languages do seem to be reflecting an a-tinged (||kwaŋ, !koa-dden) as well as an e-tinged (||keĩsi) variant, but this is not decisive evidence.

References : Bleek 438, 460, 499, 567, 568, 570, 597, 632, 646, 679; NFn.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *CVKV

Meaning : milk

Proto-Bushman : *ǂGhe (?)

Sandawe : *ʒiḳe

Notes : Cf. also Hadza ḳaca "breast" (or with Sandawe saka "chest"?). Monosyllabification in Peripheral Khoisan would rather yield a dental click, so the comparison is quite weak.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *ʒiḳe

Meaning : milk

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : dzik'e (D., Kim.); jik'e (K.); (d)zík'é (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 44; Kagaya 89; Kimmenade 37; TBW 305.

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