Central Khoisan etymology : List with all references

Proto-West Khoe : *so

Meaning : lung

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : só

Kxoe (Hukwe) : śòó(-mà); çǒ (Kö.)

Buga : sǒ

|Ganda : sù

Naro : tsà̰ó (V.); tsoo (Ba.)

|Gwi : só; shoshira (Ta.)

//Gana : sô; shoshira (Ta.)

#Haba : só

Notes : Irregular ts- in Nharo.

References : Barnard 67; KH; Tanaka 59; Vossen 465.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *so

Meaning : lung

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : cò

Deti : sò

Kua : só

Tsua : sô

Hietshware : šoo

References : Dornan 109; Vossen 465.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *So

Meaning : lung

Proto-Bushman : *So̰^h-

Proto-Khoe : *so

Hadza : *č̣o

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 36

Proto-Bushman : *So̰^h-

Meaning : lungs

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *šoˤʔo ~ *šõˤʔã

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Notes : A good NK root (although the initial sibilant/affricate is hard to establish) with external parallels. Wild thought: cf. *ǀǀ[x]U (?) id. - could the two be related in any way? And if yes, would Sandawe ʎūba id. have anything to do with it?

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *šoˤʔo ~ *šõˤʔã

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XL [k] ~ HH [e] ~ VAR [Sn.]

Meaning: lungs

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čȍˤʔò (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čȍˤʔò

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čo

!Kung (Lloyd) : soã̀ ~ sóã ~ sːwã́ // co̯ã́ ~ cːoaˤ ~ cu̯ã̀ "chest, breast"

!Kung (Doke): sũʔã ~ swã̄

!Kung (Vedder): sõ̀a // ʒõa "breast"

!Kung (Wilhelm): ʒoa "breast"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : šõi ~ čo // tʼoa ǀʼoŋ "chest" (B¹)

Kavango : tsʼȁnà

Ekoka : šŋ́

Tsumkwe : cōˤʔò

Tsintsabis : soʔã

Okongo : čànà

Leeunes : šōʔò

Mpunguvlei : cànà

Cuito : šõʔá

Cuando : šõʔá ~ čõʔà

South Omatako : čʼò

North Omatako : čòˤʔó

Kameeldoring : čʼò

Lister : còˤʔó

Notes : Class 4. A good NK root with external parallels. The original form presents difficulties because of the root's non-trivial structure (initial fricative + pharyngealized vowel + glottal stop, prone to all kinds of rare developments; many of the dialects also seem to have only preserved the root in a suffixal form, *čoˤʔo + *-ã). The tonal structure seems to have been XL, but modified to XH where the *-ã suffix is present.

References : Bleek 31, 171, 173, 175, 181, 222, 232; Bleek 1929: 28; Dickens 270; Heikkinen 1986; KH 128; Snyman 26; Snyman 1997: 71.

RefLex number: 1495

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