Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ǂxóà

Meaning : elephant

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *ǂxoa

West Khoe : *ǂxóà

East Khoe : *ćxóà

Notes : Baucom: ||Gabake tSxowaa, Shua tShoa, Buka tSxwaa.

References : Baucom 21; Vossen 430.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *ǂxoa

Meaning : elephant

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ǂxoa-b

!Ora : ǂxȯáb; ǂchoab (Wu.)

References : Haacke 122; Meinhof 106; Rust 249; Wuras 21.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ǂxóà

Meaning : elephant

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ǂxóà

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ǂxóà; ǂkoã (W.)

Buga : ǂxóà

|Ganda : ǂxóà

Naro : ǂxòá (V.); ǂkòòá (Ba.)

|Gwi : ǂxóà; !toa (Ta.)

//Gana : ǂxóà; !toa (Ta.)

#Haba : ǂxóá

Tsaukwe : ǂkxoa

References : Barnard 38; Bleek 663, 667; Tanaka 32; Vossen 430.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *ćxóà

Meaning : elephant

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ćóà

Deti : ćxóá

Cara : ćxóá

Tsixa : ćxòà

Danisi : ćxóà

Kua : ćxóà

Tsua : ćxóà

Hietshware : tšowa

References : Dornan 91; Vossen 430.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ǂxo-

Meaning : elephant

Proto-Bushman : *ǂ₁xo- (?)

Proto-Khoe : *ǂxóà

Notes : See notes on the Peripheral Khoisan reflexes. It is not excluded that, for instance, Southern Khoisan forms of this root are borrowed from Khoe, whereas North Khoisan ones are original.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 560

Proto-Bushman : *ǂ₁xo- (?)

Meaning : elephant

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!xo

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǂxū-a

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂxU-a

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *!xui

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : The correspondence PNK *!- - PSK *ǂ is rare (and, currently, not really adaptable to the overall system), but not unprecedented. It is, however, not excluded that this is ultimately a chance resemblance.

References : Honken 1998: 187.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *!aʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: bustard

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ȁʰ (n2) "red-crested korhaan, Lophotis ruficrista"

!Kung (Lloyd) : !ắ "a bird"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !à:

!O!Kung (Snyman): !aː

Tsumkwe : !ā

Tsintsabis : !ā

Okongo : !ā

Leeunes : !ā

Mpunguvlei : !ā

Cuito : !ā

Cuando : !ā

South Omatako : !ā

North Omatako : !ā

Kameeldoring : !ā

Lister : !ā

References : Bleek 402; Dickens 309; Snyman 1980: 35; Snyman 1997: 96.

RefLex number: 2211

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ǂxū-a

Meaning : elephant

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ǂxūa 3 II, pl. ǂxūa-tê, ǂxūm-kâ-tê

|Nu//en : ǂxabe

References : Bleek 678; Traill 136.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ǂxU-a

Meaning : elephant

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ǂx`óä, emph. ǂx`óäkǝn (B.); ǂx`óä (Ll.)

//Ng : |xwā

#Khomani : ǂkxʔoa (Dk., Mg.)

//Kxau : |hau

References : Bleek 287, 367, 667, 680.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *!xui

Meaning : elephant

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : !xui (CF)

References : Cornell Files.

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