Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *||ʔã̂

Meaning : to fight

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *||ʔã

West Khoe : *||ʔã̂

East Khoe : *||ʔã̂

References : Baucom 20; Vossen 455.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *||ʔã

Meaning : to fight

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ||â-hî; ||â (R.)

!Ora : ||ʔã(-gu) "miteinander fechten"; ||xãũ ku (Wu.)

References : Haacke 76; Meinhof 114; Rust 19; Wuras 23.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *||ʔã̂

Meaning : to fight

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ||ʔã̂

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ||ʔã̂ (Kö.)

Buga : ||ʔã̂

|Ganda : ||ʔã̂

Naro : ||ʔã̂ (V.); ||ãã (Ba.)

|Gwi : ||ʔã̂; ǂā-ku (Ta.)

//Gana : ||ʔã̂; ǂā-ku (Ta.)

#Haba : ||ʔã̂

References : Barnard 139; Tanaka 35; Vossen 455.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *||ʔã̂

Meaning : to fight

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ||ʔã̂

Deti : ||ʔã̂

Cara : ||ʔã̂

Tsixa : ||ʔã̂

Danisi : ||ʔã̂

Kua : ||ʔã̂

Tsua : ||ʔã̂

Hietshware : ||gaa

References : Dornan 93; Vossen 455.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *||ʔã

Meaning : to fight

Proto-Bushman : *||ʔa[^ŋ]

Proto-Khoe : *||ʔã̂

Sandawe : *||ʔã

Notes : One of the most interesting Sandawe-Khoe isoglosses with a "primal click". The word is also quite widespread in Peripheral Khoisan, quite likely to be inherited rather than borrowed.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 431

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀʔa[^ŋ]

Meaning : to fight

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǀǀʼã

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀà (?)

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Irregular efflux correspondence between NK and !Xóõ. Oddly enough, the ǀAuni parallel is more reliable than the !Xóõ one, since the glottal stop is actually present in Bleek's notation.

North Khoisan etymology :

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *||à

Meaning : to be aggressive toward, provoke a fight

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ||àa kV

References : Traill 102.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *||a

Meaning : to fight

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Auni : ||ā

References : Bleek 513.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *||ʔã

Meaning : war; to fight

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : ||'ȧṅki (D.); ||ʔang'ki (K.)

References : Dempwolff 40; Kagaya 78.

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