Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ɡ||ãũa

Meaning : spirit (occ. ancestral)

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *||ãũa

West Khoe : *ɡ||ãũa

Notes : The Kxoe form is somewhat unclear due to lack of voiced efflux.

References : Vossen 414.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *||ãũa

Meaning : Devil

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ||gâua-b

References : Haacke 80; Rust 84.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ɡ||ãũa

Meaning : spirit (occ. ancestral)

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ɡ||ã́ṹà

Kxoe (Hukwe) : ||àwǎ (Kö.)

Buga : ɡ||ã́ṹá

|Ganda : ɡ||ã́ṹà

Naro : ɡ||ã̀ũ̀á (V.); ||gaũwa (B.)

#Haba : ɡ||ã̀ũ̀á

References : Barnard 84; Bleek 529; Vossen 414.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *||G(ã)ũ

Meaning : spirit

Proto-Bushman : *||kxũ

Proto-Khoe : *ɡ||ãũa

Notes : A frequent cultural term, with borrowings a likely probability. Judging by the phonetic shape of the North Khoisan form, it is probably borrowed from Khoe, but the !Xóõ form is more likely to be original.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 493

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀkxũ

Meaning : spirit

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡǀǀãũ-ua(^ŋ) (?)

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀkxṹ

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Notes : Correspondences between NK and !Xóõ are irregular. Most likely, the PNK root is an old borrowing from a CK source, whereas the !Xóõ form is archaic.

North Khoisan etymology :

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *||kxṹ

Meaning : spirit, ghost

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ||kxʔṹ 1 II, pl. ||kxʔúã-nî/tê 4 II

References : Traill 113.

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