Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *chàó

Meaning : to dig

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *chàó

East Khoe : *chàó

Notes : Cf. Proto-Khoekhoe *khao "to dig".

References : Baucom 21; Vossen 444.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *chàó

Meaning : to dig

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : chàó

Kxoe (Hukwe) : śàó

Buga : chàó

Naro : chàó (V.); tsàó, tsàú (Ba.)

|Gwi : caó (Ta.)

//Gana : cháò; tsaó (Ta.)

#Haba : cháó

References : Barnard 135; KH; Tanaka 27; Vossen 444.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *chàó

Meaning : to dig

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : càó

Deti : chàó

Cara : chàó

Danisi : chàó

Kua : chàó

Tsua : chàó

Hietshware : tsaho

References : Dornan 111; Vossen 444.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ƛ[a]u

Meaning : to dig

Proto-Bushman : *ƛ_au

Proto-Khoe : *chàó

Hadza : *uƛ̣u

Notes : A lateral affricate comparison like *ƛV 'water' or *ƛ[a]u 'dig' q.v. =Hoan šiu 'dig' cannot be a borrowing from Central Khoisan, as has been suggested, since final *-ao would have been represented by -eo (cf. =Hoan ʒ́eo 'road', probably < Khoe *dao).

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 683

Proto-Bushman : *ƛ_au

Meaning : to dig

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡ!au (*ɡ!̯-)

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

ǂHoan : *šiu

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *šiu

Meaning : to dig

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : ciu (C.); šiu, siu (T.)

References : Collins 2001: 467; Traill 1973: 29.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *uƛ̣u

Meaning : to dig up roots

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : utl'ú-we- (E.)

References : Elderkin.

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