East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *ma

Meaning : I

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : ma (C.)

References : Collins 2001: 461.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 98

Proto-Bushman : *ŋ

Meaning : 1st person pronoun

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *mi ~ *ma

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ŋ

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ŋ

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ma

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *mi ~ *ma

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: I, 1st person pr.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : mí

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): mi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : m ~ me ~ mi ~ mu

!Kung (Lloyd) : mé ~ mi ~ mĩ ~ m

!Kung (Doke): m̀ ~ mī ~ mīhī

!Kung (Vedder): mʔ ~ mi

!Kung (Wilhelm): meː ~ me ~ mi ~ mʔxen

!O!Kung (Bleek) : m ~ me ~ mi

!O!Kung (Snyman): ma ~ mi

Kavango : má ~ mi̋

Ekoka : mā ~ mí

Notes : The relations between this labial-based pronoun and occasional forms with other nasals (e. g. the possessive prefix ŋ= 'my' in Doke's !Kung) are unclear.

References : Bleek 131-132, 136, 137, 139; Dickens 235; Heikkinen 1986; KH 44-45; Snyman 86; Snyman 1980: 41.

RefLex number: 892

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ŋ

Meaning : I, me

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : n̄ 5 I, emphatic n̄ʔn̄

Masarwa : n, na, nja; m [P-]

|Nu//en : ŋ, na, ne ("dative"?); m [P-]; emph. ŋ-ŋ

References : Bleek 9, 10, 69, 131-32, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148; Traill 194.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ŋ

Meaning : I, me

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ṅ, n, m [P-], emph. ṅ-ṅ (B.); ing, inng; mm [P-] (Lich.)

//Ng : n, ŋ; m [P-]

N|huki : ng, na

#Khomani : ŋ, n, na; m [P-] (Dk.); nja, ŋkja, ŋkje, ŋ, ʔŋ, emph. n-|ŋ, ʔŋʔŋ, an; iŋkje (Mg.)

//Kxau : n, ń̥, ṅ

//Ku//e : ŋ, nie; m [P-]

Seroa : ʔn

!Gã!ne : n, ŋ, ŋe; aŋe

//Xegwi (Batwa) : n, ŋ, aŋ; m, am [P-]

|Auni : n, ŋ, an, na, ne; m [P-]

|Haasi : n, ŋ; m [P-]

Khatia : n

References : Bleek 9, 10, 69, 131-32, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148; NFn; Maingard 244; Meinhof 1929: 186.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ŋ~*n

Meaning : 1st person pronoun sg.

Proto-Bushman : *ŋ

Hadza : *ono / *na-

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *ono / *na-

Meaning : I

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : na, on, ona, ɔna, ɔno, ɔnɔ, ɔnene (B.); ono (1sgm.), onoko (1sgf.), naʔa (suf.) (S.)

References : Bleek 142, 154; Sands-H.

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