East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *ču

Meaning : to drink

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : tcu (C.); tshū, tsū (T.)

References : Collins 2001: 468; Traill 1973: 29.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 55

Proto-Bushman : *kxã^h

Meaning : to drink

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *čʰiN

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *kxã̄^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *kxã[Ṽ]-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ču (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : One of several possible parallels between SK *kx- and NK affricates. The original character of the velar affricate is clearly indicated by external parallels. The ǂHoan form is actually dubious, mostly because of the strange vocalism.

References : Cf. Honken 1998: 189 (NK - ǂHoan).

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *čʰiN

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e] ~ VAR [Sn]

Meaning: to drink

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʰȉ // čʰì-sí (n5 -si) "drinking place, bar"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čí

!Kung (Lloyd) : sʰiŋ ~ čʰiŋ

!Kung (Doke): šn_̄

!Kung (Vedder): čn

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čĩ́

!O!Kung (Snyman): šāŋ ~ čʰāŋ ~ cʰĩ̄ŋ

Kavango : cʰȁŋ (E) ~ ṣṣȁŋ ~ ṣʰȁŋ (W)

Ekoka : šŋ̏

Tsumkwe : čʰì

Tsintsabis : čʰàŋ

Okongo : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Leeunes : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Mpunguvlei : čʰàŋ

Cuito : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Cuando : čʰīŋ ~ čʰàŋ

South Omatako : šĩ̀ŋ

North Omatako : čʰì

Kameeldoring : šĩ̀ŋ

Lister : čʰì

References : Bleek 180, 228, 230; Dickens 268; Heikkinen 1986; Honken 1998:175; KH 128; Snyman 1980: 37; Snyman 1997: 72.

RefLex number: 1473

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *kxã̄^h

Meaning : to drink

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : kxʔāhã -sà kxʔahV H, var. kxʔāhã-kxʔāhã kV

Masarwa : k"ã, k"ãa, k"ē, ||k"ã

|Nu//en : k"aa, k"ãu

References : Bleek 117, 120, 121, 601; Traill 175.

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *kxã[Ṽ]-

Meaning : to drink

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : k"wã, k"wă^ŋṅ, k"o̥á^ŋ, k"o̥ẽ̄, k"wē_^ŋ (B.); k"wă^ŋ, k"wī̃, k"wū^ŋ (Ll.)

//Ng : k"ā, k"ã, k"ẽ, ||k"ã

N|huki : kxʔa, kxʔã, kxʔǝi, kxʔǝ̃ĩ

#Khomani : kxʔwã, kxʔwẽ, kxʔã, kxʔeĩ (Mg.)

//Kxau : kxʔati

//Ku//e : kwã, ||k"wãĩ

Seroa : õaw (Wu.)

!Gã!ne : kxʔā

//Xegwi (Batwa) : k"ā, ||k"ẽ

|Auni : k"a(a), k"ẽ, ||k"a

|Haasi : kxa

Notes : Numerous vocalic variants (*kxẽ, *kxẽĩ, etc.) probably reflect various class suffixes. Nasalisation is frequent enough to suggest its inherent character (cf. also external data).

References : Bleek 109, 116, 117, 120, 121, 126, 153, 601, 604, 609; NFn; Meinhof 1929: 188; Story 21.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *kxV

Meaning : to drink

Proto-Bushman : *kxã^h

Proto-Khoe : *kxâ

Notes : Honken 1998: 189.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *kxâ

Meaning : to drink

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *kxa

West Khoe : *kxâ

East Khoe : *kʔâ

Notes : Baucom: Molepolole, ǂ'Oxoku, ||Aremn||ais kxʔa.

References : Baucom 31; Vossen 497.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *kxa

Meaning : to drink

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : ā

!Ora : kxʔȧ; kxʔa₃ (Wu.)

References : Haacke 1; Meinhof 87; Rust 1; Wuras 20.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *kxâ

Meaning : to drink

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : kxʔâ

Kxoe (Hukwe) : kxʔáà

Buga : kxʔâ

|Ganda : kxʔâ

Naro : kxʔâ (V.); kxʔáà, kʔáà (Ba.)

|Gwi : kxʔâ; kxxá (Ta.)

//Gana : kxʔâ; kxxá (Ta.)

#Haba : kxʔâ

References : Barnard 136; KH; Tanaka 30; Vossen 497.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *kʔâ

Meaning : to drink

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : kʔâ

Deti : kʔâ

Cara : kʔâ

Tsixa : kʔâ

Danisi : kxʔâ

Kua : kʔâ

Tsua : kʔâ

Hietshware : ǂkhaa

References : Dornan 102; Vossen 497.

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