Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *ƛ[a]u

Meaning : hand

Proto-Bushman : *ƛ_au

Proto-Khoe : *chàú

Sandawe : *ƛ̣u

Hadza : *ukhʷa (???)

Notes : One of the few examples on possible lateral affricates in Proto-Khoisan. =Hoan šiu has been suggested as a borrowing from |Gwi cáú by H. Honken, but this is rather unlikely, since it corresponds with perfect regularity to North Khoisan *ɡ!̯au, whereas no other examples of |Gwi c- being represented in borrowings by =Hoan š- are available. We are rather dealing with similar, but independent phonetic developments from the same Proto-Khoisan root here.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 92

Proto-Bushman : *ƛ_au

Meaning : hand

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡ!̯au

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

ǂHoan : *šiu

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯au

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: hand

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!áú (n5 -si) // ɡ!áú-dxùú-á (n2 -si) "bumps on the finger-nails"; ɡ!áú-ɡ!xùrì-čʰì-!ʼúá (n5 -si) "knuckle", etc.

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!au ~ ɡ!ou

Nogau : ɡ!ou // dou "finger" (?)

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀau

!Kung (Doke): ɡ!̯au

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǀǀyaˤŭ "finger"

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɡ!aːusĭ // ɡǀǀaːu ~ ɡǀǀaːuʔaː "finger"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀau

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀau ~ gàù

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀǀào

Kavango : ɡǀǀáo

Ekoka : ɡǀǀàò

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 28, 44, 378, 387, 506, 528, 531; Dickens 210; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 1980: 40; Weich 23.

RefLex number: 443

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *šiu

Meaning : hand

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : šíu, pl. čěõ-qà (H.); siū (T.)

References : Honken 1977: 158; Traill 1973: 30.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *chàú

Meaning : hand

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *chàú

East Khoe : *chàú

Notes : Baucom: Molepolole tSiau.

References : Baucom 22; Vossen 447.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *chàú

Meaning : hand

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : chàú

Kxoe (Hukwe) : śèú; çèú (Kö.); tšau (W.)

Buga : chàú

|Ganda : càú

Naro : càú (V.); tšau (B.); tsàú, tsòú (Ba.); tsau (Pa.)

|Gwi : cáú; tseu (Ta.)

//Gana : cáú; tseu (Ta.)

#Haba : cáù

Tsaukwe : tsau

References : Barnard 66; Bleek 213, 227; KH; Tanaka 44; Vossen 447.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *chàú

Meaning : hand

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : càú

Deti : càú

Cara : chàú

Tsixa : càú

Danisi : chàú

Cua : càú

Kua : càú

Tsua : càú

Hietshware : tsau

Sehura : tsau

Mohissa : tsau

References : Bleek 213; Dornan 111; Vossen 447.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *ƛ̣u

Meaning : hand

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : t_'uṅ (D.); tl'ung' (K.); tl'ũ (Kim.); tl'û^ŋ, tl'ûŋ "arm" (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 53; Kagaya 103; Kimmenade 58; TBW 302.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *ukhʷa

Meaning : arm, hand

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : ukwa, ukwako (B.); ʔukwa (E.); ʔuk^hwa (S.); úkhwá-kò (Tc.)

References : Bleek 248; Elderkin; Sands 188; Tucker.

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