West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *|hã̀

Meaning : coldness; raw spot in skin

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Naro : |haã̀

References : Visser 10.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *|hà (*-ã̀)

Meaning : coldness

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *|hã̀

Notes : Isolated Naro form with possible external cognates.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *cha-

Meaning : cold

Proto-Bushman : *|aBV

Proto-Khoe : *|hà (*-ã̀)

Sandawe : *chawa

Hadza : *c̣oče (?)

Notes : The Bushman forms fit in if *-bV/*-m is an old suffix or class marker. The correlation between Khoe and Sandawe is quite tempting.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 275

Proto-Bushman : *ǀaBV

Meaning : to shiver; cold

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǀabo

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀàma

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ǀaba

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ai

Tonal pattern: HH

Meaning: my/our mother

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : áíá ~ áíé (n1 - sĩ)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): eiya "Mother"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ái

!Kung (Doke): ʔai

!Kung (Vedder): ái

References : Bleek 6; Dickens 116; Snyman 49.

RefLex number: 7

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *|àma

Meaning : to shiver, tremble

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : |àma (kV)

Masarwa : |k"amma

References : Bleek 337; Traill 54.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *|aba

Meaning : cold

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : |kaba (CF); |ɨba (T.)

Notes : Quite possibly a borrowing from Khoe (cf. Kxoe |kxábá id.); on the other hand, cf. also the attested Peripheral Khoisan parallels. If borrowed, the original ǂHoan word for 'cold' must be ǂa̰ q. v.

References : Cornell Files; Traill 1973: 29.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *chawa

Meaning : cold

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : tsawa "Wind, Kälte, Geist" (D.); chawa (K.); tshawa (Kim.)

References : Dempwolff 52; Kagaya 83; Kimmenade 56.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *c̣uči

Meaning : cold; wind

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : ts'ɔtšepi, tsutipi "to be cold" (B.); tsotšepi "wind" (B.); ts'utše "wind" (E.); ts'uci-phi, tsuchibi (S.)

References : Bleek 220; Ehret 1986: 122; Elderkin.

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