South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology : List with all references

Proto-!Wi : *ǂhɔ-in

Meaning : dog

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !kwíṅ (B.); !kŭ̥iṅ, !kŭ́iṅ, !khu̥iṅ (Ll.)

//Ng : !kwiŋ

N|huki : ǂun, ǂuń

#Khomani : ǂʔʌn "dog" (Dk.)

//Kxau : ǂhuni

//Ku//e : !wiŋ, !inji

Seroa : kuenia

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||kwi, !xẽ; ƛhwiŋ (LH)

|Auni : ǂkɔ̃ɔ̃

|Haasi : ǂhaŋ

References : Bleek 104, 400, 405, 433, 467, 495, 496, 499, 500, 600, 646, 661, 662, 663, 677, 678, 680; LHa 112; Meinhof 1929: 186; NFn; Story 21.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 53

Proto-Bushman : *ǂq_hɔ-

Meaning : dog

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡǂʰo-e ~ *ɡǂʰo-ĩ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǂqhà

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂhɔ-in

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Represented in both SK and NK only in conjunction with different (most often frozen) class markers: *ǂq_hɔ-i(^ŋ), *ǂq_hɔ-e, *ǂq_hɔ-a.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂʰo-e ~ *ɡǂʰo-ĩ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: dog

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰṹĩ́ ~ ɡǂʰóá // ɡǂʰṹĩ́-ɡ!ã̀ũ̀-ɡ!ánú (n3 -si) "rainbow"; ɡǂʰṹĩ́-mà, pl. ɡǂʰúí-mʰí "puppy"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂʼʰwĩ ~ ɡǂʼʰwa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !ɔ

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂwé ~ ǂʰwé

!Kung (Doke): ǂʼʰwiː ~ ŋǂʼʰwiː

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǂɔ́e

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǂwé

Kavango : ɡǂʰóe

Ekoka : ɡ!̯ʰōē

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰòa

Tsintsabis : ǂʰóe

Okongo : ǂʰóe

Leeunes : ɡǂʰòe

Mpunguvlei : ǂʰóe ~ ǂʰólé

Cuito : !ʰólé ~ ǂʰólé

Cuando : !ʰólé ~ ǀǀʰólé ~ ǂʰólé

South Omatako : ɡǂʰòe

North Omatako : ɡǂʰũi

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰòe

Lister : ɡǂʰòa

Notes : Class 1. The two forms - *ɡǂhoĩ and *ɡǂhoe - probably reflect two old stems of the same root. Note that the morphological structure of *ɡǂho-ĩ = Proto-!Wi *ǂkhɔ-in.

References : Bleek 151, 436, 648, 652, 662, 666; Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 3, 53; Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 354

nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-okn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ǂqhà

Stems : *ǂqhà-i

Meaning : dog

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ǂqhài 1 II, pl. ǂqhàba-tê 4 II

Masarwa : ǂxai, !xai, !xiti, !kai, ǂgi, ǂxī

|Nu//en : ǂkhi

!Xoong derivates : ǂqhài ɳ|ūhńa "lit. dogʔs nostril, i.e. a dirty elbow"

References : Bleek 104, 400, 405, 433, 467, 495, 496, 499, 500, 600, 646, 661, 662, 663, 677, 678, 680; Traill 137, 141.