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South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :
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Proto-!Wi : *||u
Meaning : not
|Xam : k"au, k"aúki (B.); ||au (Lich.); k"aŭ́kĭ, ouki (Ll.)
//Ng : ||ku, =||kɔ, ||ke, ||kau
N|huki : ||u
#Khomani : ||ke, ||kai, ||ko, ||ku (Mg.)
//Kxau : ku̯aṅ
Seroa : ||kau (Wu.)
//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||ka; gwi (?)
|Auni : ||kwā, ||kaa; ||ko "to refuse"
|Nusan : ||ou "do not, shall not"; ||k"xou "shall not"
References : Bleek 53, 121, 155, 328, 518, 547, 551, 562, 566, 582, 590, 596, 611, 626; Bleek 1929: 62; Maingard 245; Meinhof 1929: 187; NFn. xamet-meaning,xamet-prnum,xamet-txam,xamet-lng,xamet-tnu,xamet-khom,xamet-kxau,xamet-sero,xamet-batw,xamet-auni,xamet-nusa,xamet-refer,
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Peripheral Khoisan etymology :
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Number : 158
Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀqhV
Meaning : not
Proto-Taa : *ǀǀqhuV́
Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀu
Notes : A SK isogloss (with Hadza parallels?). The vowel is hard to determine; judging by the variety of forms in !Wi, there was some kind of alternation (ablaut?) or constant samdhi going on.
bshet-proto,bshet-meaning,bshet-prnum,bshet-xoo,bshet-xoonum,bshet-xam,bshet-xamnum,bshet-notes,
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South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :
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Proto-Taa : *||qhuV́
Meaning : not
!Xoong : ||qhúa
Masarwa : ||kʔa, ||kā̰a̰, ||kai; ||kwa "do not, cannot"
|Nu//en : ||ku
References : Bleek 518, 547, 551, 562, 566, 582, 590, 596, 611, 626; Traill 117. xooet-meaning,xooet-prnum,xooet-xoo,xooet-masa,xooet-nuen,xooet-refer,
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Macro-Khoisan etymology :
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Proto-Khoisan : *ƛVkV (?)
Meaning : not
Notes : The Hadza connection is less probable than the Sandawe-Khoe one.
khoiet-meaning,khoiet-bsh,khoiet-san,khoiet-had,khoiet-notes,
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Sandawe etymology :
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Proto-Sandawe : *ƛāki
Meaning : to lack; to be nothing; naked
Sandawe : t_aki "nichts" (D.); tlaaki (K.); tlaki "il n'y en a pas" (Kim.)
sanet-meaning,sanet-prnum,sanet-san,sanet-refer,
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Hadza etymology :
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Proto-Hadza : *kʷV
Meaning : not
Hadza : akwá, akwé, kwene (B.)
References : Bleek 8, 113. hadet-meaning,hadet-prnum,hadet-had,hadet-refer,
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