South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ʘqâ̰

Meaning : child

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ʘqâ̰a 3 I, pl. ʘqâ̰a-nî 4 II

Masarwa : ʘpwa, ʘpwāka, ʘpwāke, ʘpwo "son"; ʘpwāʘpwellaka "daughter"; ʘpwālu, ʘhanna "girls"; ʘhantšana "boy"

|Nu//en : ʘpwa, ʘpwai "child"

!Xoong derivates : dim. kâ-ʘqó̰u-bâ 3 I, pl. kâ-ʘqṍ-nî ʘʔâni 2 I; ʘqâ̰a |á tâa à̰a "boy"; ʘqâ̰a |á tâa qáe "girl"; ʘqó̰u-bà "infant"

References : Traill 49.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 261

Proto-Bushman : *ǀ₁ʷa̰

Meaning : child, son

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *!̯hã

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ʘqâ̰

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁ha-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ǀǀqoʔe

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Traces of labialisation are seen in the Taa labial click and (possibly) labial vowel in ǂHoan (in the latter -ʔe may be a suffixal extention).

North Khoisan etymology :

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ǂ₁ha-

Meaning : child

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : !koá, !koã, !kwã̄, !kwã, !khwã̄, !khukǝn, pl. !áukǝn, !káukǝn (B.); !kū^ŋ, !kũ, !khwã̄, pl. !kaŭ́kǝn (Ll.)

//Kxau : !oṅ

Seroa : ǂhowa, pl. ǂhoaiku

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ||ale, pl. ||kolle

|Auni : -||ha, ||hasa, pl. =||ka, ||ka||kn; ||hãĩ, ||heĩ "baby"

|Haasi : ||ha=sa, ||uha=sa

Notes : The plural forms actually have a suppletive look to them. Cf. the differences in vocalism (|Xam !koa sg. - ![k]au- pl.), with no labialisation in the |Xam plural form; and the efflux opposition in ||Xegwi ||a- - ||ko-, |Auni ||ha - ||ka. Since, however, there is no external data to justify this opposition (not even in the Taa subgroup), the question will have to remain unresolved.

References : Bleek 372, 414, 430, 431, 437, 442, 447, 458, 516, 539, 540, 546, 566, 586, 627, 651.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *||qoʔe

Meaning : child

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : q||oʔe (C.); ||qṓʔe (G.)

Notes : Cf. !Xóõ ʘqâ̰a.

References : Collins 2001: 458; Gruber 1975: 13.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *CWV

Meaning : child, son

Proto-Bushman : *|₁ʷa̰

Proto-Khoe : *|ṍã́

Notes : It is interesting to note the labial vowel in Khoe vs. labialization in Bushman (reflected in the Taa labial click).

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *|ṍã́

Meaning : child

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Khoekhoe : *|õ[-ã]

West Khoe : *|ṍã́

East Khoe : *|ṍã́

Notes : Baucom: Buka |ọŋa, Molepole |kwa, ɡ|wa, ǂ'Oxoku |koo.

References : Baucom 19; Vossen 455-456.

Khoekhoe etymology :

Proto-Khoekhoe : *|õ[-ã]

Meaning : child

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Nama : |gôa

!Ora : ʔo-ʔi (?); |kō (Wu.)

Notes : Griqua |o-p "son" (Dirk Kok), |o-ʔi "child" (Dirk Kok).

References : Haacke 61; Meinhof 94, 149; Rust 113; Wuras 15.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *|ṍã́

Meaning : child

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : |ṍã́

Kxoe (Hukwe) : |ṍã́ (Kö.)

Buga : |ṍã́

|Ganda : |ṍã́

Naro : |ṍã́ (V.); |kúá, |úá, |kṹã́, |ṹã́ (Ba.)

|Gwi : |ṍã́; |owa (Ta.)

//Gana : |ṍã́; |owa (Ta.)

#Haba : |ṍã́

References : Barnard 70; Tanaka 21; Vossen 455-456.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *|ṍã́

Meaning : child

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : |ṍã́

Deti : |õ̀ã́

Cara : |ṍã́

Tsixa : |ṍã́

Danisi : |ṍã́

Kua : |õ̀ã̀

Tsua : |ṍã́

Hietshware : |kwa, |gwa "baby"

Sehura : $kan "young man"

References : Bleek 688; Dornan 105; Vossen 455-456.

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