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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ƛ̣:iri
Meaning: colour
Avar: ƛ̣:er
Akhvakh: ƛ̣:eri
Karata: ƛ̣:ere
Godoberi: ƛ̣:eri
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-akv,aandet-krt,aandet-gdb,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Ł_ŏli
Meaning: colour; to paint
Proto-West Caucasian: *Ĺa- Notes: The semantic correlation "skin":"colour" is observed also in several other roots, thus the etymology is fully justified. The phonetic side of it is also quite regular (in PWC we should expect *L - a phoneme which lacks as such, and must have merged early with *Ĺ). In WC languages the root is verbal, in EC - nominal; the only trace of its verbal usage is perhaps a Lak. form (recorded in the Khosrekh dialect) =u=k:a-n 'to paint'.
Abdokov (1983, 77) quotes also Kab. La, q:ʷǝ-La 'inner side of skin' (which he compares with heterogeneous EC material, having nothing to do with the present root); if it really exists (we could not find it in existing dictionaries), it may be a remnant of *Ł_ŏli with the meaning 'skin'.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *k:uli
Meaning: 1 skin 2 sheepskin
Akusha: guli 1,2
Chiragh: k:ule 2
Comments: Cf. also Ur. ɣuli, Kub. k:ule 'skin, hide' etc.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ:al
Meaning: bark, shell
Tabasaran: ɣal
Agul: gal (Bursh.)
Udi: qIol
Comment: Obl. stem *ƛ:ole- or *ƛ:ola- (the vowel *-o- is suggested by Ud. qIol; cf. Tab. ɣáli-).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *Ĺa-
Meaning: to paint
Adyghe: La-
Kabardian: La-
Ubykh: La-
Comments: PAK *La-. Since the PAK and Ub. forms correspond perfectly to each other, Shagirov's (1,242) complicated reasoning and reconstruction of the original meaning "good, to rejoice" seems absolutely unnecessary (to say nothing of linking the root with Abkh. a-gʷǝ-r-ʁ́a-ra which is phonetically impossible).
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Łŭ́li
Meaning: skin, colour
Comments and references : WFR 22, MCGD 7. [but ST presupposes a shift *'color' > 'bright (color)' and is somewhat dubious).
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *roɫH
Meaning: light
Tibetan: khrol-khrol bright, shining, khrol-po sparkling, glistening, dazzling.
Burmese: hrwanh be clear, bright, shining.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 孌
Modern (Beijing) reading: lǚan
Preclassic Old Chinese: ronʔ
Classic Old Chinese: rwán
Western Han Chinese: rwán
Eastern Han Chinese: rwán
Early Postclassic Chinese: lwén
Middle Postclassic Chinese: lwén
Late Postclassic Chinese: lwén
Middle Chinese: lwén
English meaning : be beautiful, handsome
Russian meaning[s]: 1) прекрасный; миловидный; 2) послушный
Comments: Also read *ronʔ-s, MC lwèn, Pek. lüàn id. Cf. 戀.
Radical: 38
Four-angle index: 8864
Karlgren code: 0178 k-l
Shijing occurrences: 39.1, 42.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔoʔĺ ( ~ x-, j-)
Meaning: hull, suffusion
Ket: ɔʔĺ (pl. ɔ́ĺeŋ)
Yug: ɔʔl (pl. ɔ́lɨŋ)
Comments: Werner 1, 48 *oʔl (compares also Kott. ol 'grave', which is quite unlikely - see *ʔol).
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *lar̄u
Meaning: skin, leather
Bizkaian: narru
Gipuzkoan: larru
High Navarrese: larru
Low Navarrese: larru
Salazarese: larru
Lapurdian: larru
Baztanese: larru
Aezkoan: larru
Zuberoan: lárrü
Roncalese: larru
Comments: Dissimilation (l > n) in Bzk.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-sal,basqet-lab,basqet-bzt,basqet-azk,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : LVLV
Meaning : skin
Afroasiatic : ? Chad. *tala 'skin'
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭVlV
Meaning: skin
References: ND 2362 *ṭalUya 'skin, fell' (with a somewhat strange treatment of Alt.; + Chad.). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *t`ulu ( ~ -o)
Meaning: torn and scraped skin
Russian meaning: содранная и ободранная шкура
Comments: Lee 1958, 118, Poppe 1950, 580, Дыбо 10. Doerfer (TMN 2, 550-553), and similarly Щербак 1997, 157, regard the Mong. forms as borrowed < Turkic, where he derives all the above forms from *tul- 'abgesperrt sein' (a poorly attested reflexive form of the equally poorly attested *tu- 'absperren'): hardly acceptable. Since only the velar derivatives (in -kuk, -uk) are early attested in Turkic, it seems more plausible to regard forms like tulum / tulup as borrowed from Mongolian. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *tul- (*tol-)
Meaning: 1 skin container 2 scraped skin
Russian meaning: 1 кожаный мешок 2 голая, ободранная шкура
Old Turkic: tolquq (OUygh.) 1
Karakhanid: tolquq (MK) 1 Azerbaidzhan: tuluG 1
Oyrat: tulaq 2
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-azb,turcet-alt,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *tulum
Meaning: leather bag
Russian meaning: кожаный мешок
Written Mongolian: tulum (L 841) Khalkha: tulam
Buriat: tulam
Ordos: tulum
Comments: Mong. > Yak., Turk. tulum, probably also Karaim tulup etc. (see VEWT 498); > Manchu tulume, tulum 'a cow- or sheepskin filled with air that is used to aid a person crossing the river' (see Rozycki 212). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tul-
Meaning: 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large torn ram skin
Russian meaning: 1 выдирать, терять (рога) 2 выдирать 3 крупная мерлушка (с большого барашка)
Evenki: tulduli- 2
Even: tụldъ̣q- 1
Literary Manchu: tulxu 3
Comments: ТМС 2, 210, 211. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *turumaki
Meaning: overcoat
Russian meaning: плащ
Modern Korean: turumaki
Comments: KED 504 (says "a compound noun" - but the components are unclear). koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-reference,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1036
Proto: *talja
English meaning: skin
German meaning: Haut, Fell
Finnish: talja 'Haut, Fell' ?
Saam (Lapp): duol'lje -llj- 'skin of a reindeer or elk with hair on it' (N), tuol'jē (L) 'Fell, Haut (woran die Haare noch dran sind)', ti̊ilje (T), tūlj (Kld.), tuelj (Not.) 'Rentierfell, Bett, Lager' ?
Mansi (Vogul): (tåwėĺ (N) 'Leder' - rejected by Redei)
Nenets (Yurak): tāj 'Gesichtshaut (beim Menschen bis zum Haar, beim Rentier bis zum Geweih)', (Sj.) taje 'Sohlenleder des Skis' ?
Enets (Yen): tājo (Ch.), taijo (B) 'Kopfhaut' ?
Nganasan (Tawgi): tuaja 'Stirnhaut (unter dem Haar)' ?
Selkup: tuja, tuuja (Ke.), tuija (NP) 'Haar' ?
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-fin,uralet-saa,uralet-man,uralet-nen,uralet-enc,uralet-nga,uralet-slk,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *tōl
Meaning : skin, hide
Proto-South Dravidian: *tōl- Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tōl dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *tōl-
Meaning : skin
Tamil : tōl
Tamil meaning : skin, hide
Tamil derivates : toli (-pp-, -tt-) to strip off (bark), flay, husk, hull; n. skin, rind, husk
Malayalam : tōl
Malayalam meaning : skin, hide
Malayalam derivates : tolikka to skin, peel; toli skin, bark, peel, rind
Kannada : tōl(u)
Kannada meaning : skin, hide, leather, skin of fruit
Kodagu : tōlɨ
Kodagu meaning : skin, hide
Kodagu derivates : toli- (tolip-, tolic-) to peel, hatch; (Shanmugam) tolip peeling
Tulu : tolikè
Tulu meaning : skin, bark, rind
Tulu derivates : (B-K) toli, tolpu to peel off, remove as the bark or skin; tollu to pluck out (as hair, feathers, etc.)
Miscellaneous : KOR (M) tōru skin
Notes : Easily contaminated with *tok- 'skin, bark, rind' q.v.
Number in DED : 3559
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-kodder,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-misc,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *tōl_
Meaning : skin, hide
Kota : tōl
Toda : twɨ̄s_
Additional forms : Also Kota tōkrl small peg used in pegging down hide to dry (tōl + karl [see 1389])
Number in DED : 3559
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *tōl-
Meaning : skin, bark, rind
Telugu : tōlu
Dialectal forms (1) : skin, hide, leather
Number in DED : 3559
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-tel_2,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tōl
Meaning : skin
Kolami : tōl "(Haig, Hislop) skin, hide"
Kinwat Kolami : tōl "skin, hide"
Naikri : tōl
Naiki : tōl
Parji : tōl "skin, bark"
Ollari Gadba : tōl "skin, bark"
Salur Gadba : tōl
Number in DED : 3559
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-kol_kin,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-ollari,kogaet-salur,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tōl
Meaning : skin, hide
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *tōl
Meaning : skin, hide
Betul Gondi : tōl
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : tōl
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : tōl
Gommu Gondi : tōla "skin, bark of tree"
Muria Gondi : tōl
Seoni Gondi : tōl(u) (pl. tōlku) "skin, bark of tree, skin of fruit"
Koya Gondi : tolka "skin, bark of tree, skin of fruit"
Yeotmal Gondi : tōl
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : tōla "skin, bark of tree"
Adilabad Gondi : tōl
Durg Gondi : tōla "skin, bark of tree"
Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ko (Su.) tōlu skin
Number in DED : 3559
Number in CVOTGD : 1828
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_w,gonet-gondi_ph,gonet-gondi_g,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_y,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-gondi_d,gonet-addition,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : tōlu
Meaning: skin (of animals)
Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : tōl
Number in DED : 3559
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-konda_bb,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *tōl
Meaning : skin
Pengo : tōl
Number in DED : 3559
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōl-u
Meaning : skin, hide
Kui : ṭōḍu (pl. ṭōṭka) "buffalo hide (from which bellows or shields are made)"
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : tōlū
Kuwi (Schulze) : tōlu
Sunkarametta Kuwi : tōlu (pl. tōlka)
Parja Kuwi : tōlu (pl. tōlka)
Kuwi (Israel) : tōlu (pl. tōlka)
Notes : The root may be related to *tōla 'egg'.
Number in DED : 3559
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_p,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,
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