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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=ac̣:Vn- (~-o-)
Meaning: 1 to clean 2 clean, pure
Avar: =ac̣:n- 1
Andian language: =erc̣:om 2
Akhvakh: =ac̣:onu= 1
Chamalal: =aṣa-da= 2
Tindi: =ac:a-hi= 1
Karata: =ac̣:a-do= 2
Botlikh: c̣:in-ḳir 2
Bagvalal: =ac̣:a-ra= 2
Godoberi: c̣in-ḳi 2
Comments: Cf. also Av. =ac̣:a-da= 'clean', Akhv. =ac̣:a-da=, Tseg., Tl., Ratl. =ac̣:an-da= id., Tind. =ac:a-ja= id. etc. The adjective in all languages is a derivate of the verbal stem. Av. > Inkh. bac̣c̣ada-b, Gin. bac̣adaw. The Botl. and God. forms go back to a suffixed *c̣:in-ḳV; cf. also Kar. Anch., Tok. c̣:inḳu= 'clean, pure'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hăʒ_Ĕm-
Meaning: to clean, clean
Notes: Initial laryngeal is reconstructed on basis of PL pharyngealisation; however, it is not possible to establish its precise nature, because in most languages it was either lost (as part of the weak first syllable), or absorbed by class prefixes. In PWC the root has a frequent labial prefix (probably originally a class marker). In EC the original structure of the root was best preserved in Av.-And. and Nakh; in most other languages, where the root was treated mainly as an adjective, it obtained a productive adjectival (*participial) suffix *-rV and underwent metatheses, usual in cases like this: *Hăʒ_ĔmV-rV- > *Hăʒ_mĔ-rV- > *Hămʒ_ĔrV- // *mHărʒ_Ĕ-. Cf. also Hurr. šēɣ-(a)lǝ 'ritually pure', šēɣǝ, šīɣǝ 'pure (water)', Urart. šēχa id. (?) - reflecting probably a variant *ʒ_ămHĔ- (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 35).
See Абдоков 1983, 149, 168-169.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *c̣ani(-n)
Meaning: clean, pure
Chechen: c̣ena
Ingush: c̣ena
Batsbi: c̣ajn
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=ãcV-
Meaning: clean
Tsezi: =occ-ǟ-si
Khvarshi: q̇-ajca (Radzhibov)
Bezhta: =acō
Gunzib: =ãcǝ-ru
Comments: PTsKh *-ac-ij- (with unclear -o- in Tsez.). PGB *=ãcǝ-ru (cf. also Tlad. =aco-ro) 'clean'. This is obviously a derivate of a verbal stem; cf. Gunz. -ãcǝ-ḳa 'to clean' (a causative form), Bezht. Khosh. =ãc- 'to be pure, clean'.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-khv,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: marc̣-
Meaning: clean
Lak form: marc̣-s:a
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʔamzu-(r)/*marzu-
Meaning: clean, pure
Akusha: umu-si
Chiragh: marz-ze
Comments: Cf. also Ur. amʔu-r, Kait. umzu-ci, Kharb. umu-se, Tsud. unzu-se.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *maIrc̣:ɨ-
Meaning: 1 clean 2 limpid 3 white
Tabasaran: marc:i 1
Agul: maIrt:e-f 1
Rutul: mǝt-dɨ 2 (Khniukh)
Tsakhur: maIt:ɨ-n 1
Archi: marc̣ 1
Udi: mac:i 3
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. marʒi 'clean', Arch. marc̣: as 'to clean' (for *-c̣:-). In Udi we have mac:i 'white' ( < *maIrc̣:ɨ-), but ac:ar 'clean'; the latter reflects the original verbal structure *Hac̣:V(m)-. See Бокарев 1961, 71; Лексика 1971, 227; Гигинейшвили 1977, 107.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ṗǝźA
Meaning: 1 clean 2 good
Abkhaz: a-bzía 2
Abaza: bzi 2
Adyghe: q:ā-bza 1
Kabardian: q:ā-bza 1
Ubykh: ṗć̣a 1
Comments: PAT *bǝzǝ-jA; PAK *q:a-bzá (Shagirov 1, 218 regards the q:a- as a directive preverb). The root *bza- can also be seen in the compound verb *č:a-bza- 'to get pure, settle (of water)'. The Ub. form with glottalisation suggests PWC *ṗ-; the PAT reflex *-z- confirms it (if in PWC we had *bǝć̣A, then even after assimilation PAT *-ź- would be expected; on the other hand, *-ź- normally yields PAT *-z-). However, earlier glottalisation must have resided on the affricate, since the initial labial certainly is a historical prefix and there were no glottalised labial prefixes in NC or WC.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hắʒĭŋw-
Meaning: clean
Comments and references : HGC 40 (somewhat differently), WFR 137, LDC 37. sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chĕŋ
Meaning: clean, clear
Tibetan: saŋs (p. (b)saŋs, f. (b)saŋ) to clean (dirt etc.), cleanse, (b)seŋ clean, white, ãchaŋ to take away, to take off (cf. also gcaŋ be clean, chaŋs purified, clean).
Burmese: ćaŋ be clean, pure.
Kachin: seŋ1, ceŋ1 be clean, pure, free (cf. also (H) coŋ to remove, clear away).
Lushai: thiaŋ (thian) be clear, KC *M-r?-thiaŋʔ.
Lepcha: čóŋ to wash, to cleanse, to purify
Comments: Cf. also OCh. 靜 *ʒ_eŋʔ pure. Midzhu (ka-)śoŋ; Trung tsaŋ1-ma1 clear; Tani *siŋ, Ao Naga *soŋ 'white'. Simon 16; Sh. 54, 185, 410; Ben. 52-53; Peiros-Starostin 213.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 清
Modern (Beijing) reading: qīng
Preclassic Old Chinese: sheŋ
Classic Old Chinese: sheŋ
Western Han Chinese: sheŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: shjeŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: shjeŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjeŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: shjeŋ
Middle Chinese: chjeŋ
English meaning : be pure, clear
Russian meaning[s]: 1) светлый, прозрачный, чистый; ясный, понятный; 2) честный, безупречный, непорочный; 3) рассчитаться; упорядочить; вчистую, сполна; 4) очистить, вычистить; 5) Цинская (Маньчжурская) династия (1644 - 1911 гг.); цинский, маньчжурский
Radical: 85
Four-angle index: 3615
Karlgren code: 0812 |i ́-j ́
Vietnamese reading: thanh
Shijing occurrences: 47.3
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1214
Character: 清
MC description : 梗開三平清清
ZIHUI: 3237 2578
Beijing: ćhiŋ 11
Jinan: ćhiŋ 11
Xi'an: ćhiŋ 11
Taiyuan: ćhiŋ 1
Hankou: ćhin 11
Chengdu: ćhin 11
Yangzhou: ćhĩ 11
Suzhou: chin 11
Wenzhou: cheŋ 11
Changsha: chin 11
Shuangfeng: ćhin 11 (lit.); ćhiõ 11
Nanchang: ćhin 11
Meixian: chin 11
Guangzhou: čhîŋ 11
Xiamen: chîŋ 11
Chaozhou: cheŋ 11
Fuzhou: chiŋ 11
Shanghai: chiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: chiǝŋ 1
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *sèŋ
Meaning: clean up
Tulung: sɛŋ- clean up, tidy
Kaling: senä (seŋä) clean up, seŋpä clean, holy
Limbu: iseŋbā pure, sāŋla clean
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-kul,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: saNsaNpa
Grammar: adj.
Meaning: clean, dirtless
Nepali: saphā, sukilo.
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *si- (~-g-,-x-)
Meaning: to sweep, clean
Ket: si-get, si-git (КРС) 'to clean, sweep' (Werner 2, 205 śí...ɣit)
Yug: siget5 'to sweep' (Werner 2, 205 sí...git)
Comments: ССЕ 273. Werner 2, 205.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *sesin-
Meaning: clear, clean
Yasin: sésenum, sesénum
Hunza: sisínum
Nagar: sisínum
Comments: Sh. sisíno
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *susen, *sin
Meaning: 1 right, correct 2 right(s), justice 3 oath 4 true, faithful
Bizkaian: zuzen 1
Gipuzkoan: zuzen 1, zin 3
High Navarrese: zuzen 1, 2
Low Navarrese: zuzen 1, 2, zin 3
Lapurdian: zuzen 1, 2, zin 3, 4
Zuberoan: zǘzen 1, 2, zĩn 3
Roncalese: zuzen 1
Comments: The root *sin is also found in the verb *sin-eući 'to believe' (EB sinetsi).
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : CVNV
Meaning : clean
globet-meaning,globet-scc,globet-austr,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *ʔcVŋ
Meaning: clean, bare
Austroasiatic meaning: clean
Proto-Austronesian: *lasaŋ
Austronesian meaning: bare, bald
Proto-Thai: ʔʒɛ:ŋ.C clear
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-tai,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVŋ
Meaning: clean
Thai: ʔʒɛ:ŋ.C clear
References: S-324
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-bib,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: suǝŋ
Meaning: very fine
kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic:
Meaning: be clear, pure, serene
Modern Mon: ʒruŋ, sjuŋ
Old Mon: (r)ʒuŋ
References: S-324
monet-meaning,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-om,monet-bib,
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