Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *č̣am- / *=Vč̣ʷVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to chew

Avar: č̣ám-ize

Chadakolob: č̣ám-ži

Andian language: č̣am-mu

Akhvakh: č̣on-uƛa

Chamalal: č̣ač̣an-

Tindi: č̣ač̣an-iʎa

Karata: č̣am-aʎa

Godoberi: č̣anč̣a-di

Comments: Some of the forms are reduplicated, going back to a stem *č̣ič̣(ʷ)an-; cf. also Av. Chad. č̣uč̣ú-ji 'to gnaw'. From the stem *č̣am- cf. also Akhv. Tseg. č̣am-aq:e, Ratl. č̣am-u. The stem *=ič̣ʷVn- (ultimately going back to *=ič̣Vm-) and its reduced variant *č̣ʷVn- is reflected in Akhv. č̣on- ( = Tind. č̣un-iʎa 'to bite') and Tind. =ač̣ʷĩ-ʎa 'to gnaw'.

    Finally, we should mention some nominal derivates: Av. č̣amč̣ám 'eating, meal', č̣andéro 'jaw' (cf. the frequentative č̣andé-ze 'to chew'), Av. Chad. č̣ánda 'jaw' and And. č̣amč̣al id.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĕč̣Vm-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to gnaw, chew

Proto-Nakh: *=ač̣- (~ -ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *č̣am- / *=Vč̣ʷVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣ɔč̣ɔn-

Proto-Dargwa: *č̣aIm-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäč̣ʷV

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Pharyngealization in Darg. is expressive. The Darg. form is borrowed in Arch. č̣aIm-mus 'to chew'.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=ač̣- (~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to gnaw

Batsbi: =ač̣-

Comments: Isolated in Bacb., but having good external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣ɔč̣ɔn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to chew

Tsezi: č̣oč̣on-

Comments: A reduplicated stem; isolated in Tsez., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *č̣aIm-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to chew

Akusha: č̣aImi-ḳes

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔäč̣ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to gnaw

Rutul: e=č̣e-

Tsakhur: s-a=č̣e-

Archi: č̣ʷelč̣ǝ-bos

Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. ǵ-ajč̣e- 'to chew'. The Arch. form is reduplicated (*č̣ʷäč̣ʷV-); medial -l- is not quite clear.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ĕč̣V́m- ( ~ šṭ)

Meaning: to chew

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ĕč̣Vm-

Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hiǝ̄mH

Comments and references : NSC 53 *č̣wVmV, WFR 138.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hiǝ̄mH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: chew, put in mouth

Chinese: 噆 *ćhǝ̄mʔ have in mouth.

Tibetan: ãćhems (p. bćems, f. bćem) to chew.

Comments: Cf. also Motuo ʒ́am 'drink', Sichuan *[ćh]VN id.

Chinese characters :

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMV

Meaning : to taste, eat

Eurasiatic : *č`VmV ?

Afroasiatic : *čamaʔ-

Sino-Caucasian : *=ĕč̣Vm- ( ~ šṭ)

Austric : PAA *ciɛm feed, eat

Amerind (misc.) : *sVmV (Alm., Keres., Penuti, Andean) 'mouth' (under *c̣imak 'hole' R 376)

Reference : ND 422 (Kartv-SH). Peiros 1989, 127.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *č`VmV ?

Meaning: mouth; eat

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *stomen-

Kartvelian: *č̣am-

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *stomen-

Meaning: mouth, muzzle

Avestan: staman- n. 'Maul (vom Hund)'

Old Greek: stóma, -atos, aeol. stǘma n. `Mund, Maul, Mündung, Front, Spitze, Schneide', stómakho-s m. `Kehle, Speiseröhre, Mündung (der Blase, des Uterus); der obere Magenmund; Ärger'

Celtic: Cymr safn `Kinnlade', Corn stefenic `Gaumen', MBret staffn, NBret staoñ `ds.'; Cymr ystefaig `Gaumen', NBret istomid `ds.'

Russ. meaning: рот, морда

References: WP II 648

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1903

Root: stomen-

English meaning: mouth

German meaning: `Mund'

Material: Av. staman- n. `Maul (vom Hund)'; gr. στόμα n. `Mund', στόμαχος (-gho-Formans) `Kehle, Mündung (der Blase, des Uterus); Magenmund, Magen'; dehnstufig στωμύλος `mundfertig, geschwätzig; artig plaudernd', στωμύλλω `plaudere', στωμυλία `Geschwätzigkeit' (daß ved. stāmú- etwa `tönend, stöhnend' bedeute und verwandt sei, ist unsicher); mit sekundärem a: cymr. safn `Kinnlade'; sefnig `Kehle', acorn. stefenic `Gaumen', mbret. staffn, nbret. staoñ ds.

References: WP. II 648.

Pages: 1035

PIE database: PIE database

Kartvelian etymology :

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *čamaʔ-

Meaning: eat, feed

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *t_Vmaʔ- 'feed (with rich food)'

Western Chadic: *čam- 'taste, test'

East Chadic: *čam- 'eat (hard food)'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 834

Proto-Semitic: *t_Vmaʔ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'feed (with rich food)'

Arabic: t_mʔ [-a-]

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *čam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'taste, test'

Mupun: čám [FrM]

Fyer: čamĩ [JgR]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *čam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat (hard food)'

Mubi: čám [CLR: 119], čáàm [Lk}

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