Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *šili

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sheep's dung 2 dried sheep's dung

Avar: xil 2

Akhvakh: šili

Tindi: hili

Karata: šila

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Tok. xila "sheep's dung". A recent loan from Tind. is Inkh. hili id.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *śiɫɨ̄ (~ -ä-, -ō,-ǝ̆)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dung of sheep

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *šili

Proto-Lak: š:ulū

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔur-s:il (~-ä-,-l:)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: š:ulū

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dung of sheep

Lak form: š:ulū

Comments: Cf. Khosr. š:ulu id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔur-s:il (~-ä-,-l:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dung, manure

Tabasaran: ursil

Comment: Cf. also Tab. lit. ursal, Khan. urš:̌el id. The first syllable is historically a prefix. The root is attested only in Tab., but has good external parallels.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śeɫɨ̄́

Meaning: dung

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *śiɫɨ̄ (~ -ä-, -ō,-ǝ̆)

Sino-Tibetan: *ƛĭjH (k-) ?

Burushaski: *delk

Basque: *sirin

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ƛĭjH (k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dung, excrements

Chinese: 屎 *ƛijʔ dung.

Tibetan: lći dung.

Burmese: khjijh excrement, LB *khlijx.

Kachin: khji³ excrement.

Lepcha: tăkli guts, entrails

Kiranti: *xlì

Comments: PG *kli faeces; BG: Dimasa khi, Garo khi, Bodo kí; Kham kī; Kanauri khö; Bahing khli; Digaro klai. Simon 19; Sh. 44; Ben. 39; Mat. 191.

Chinese characters :

Character: 屎

Modern (Beijing) reading: shǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ƛijʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ƛíj

Western Han Chinese: l̥jǝ́j

Eastern Han Chinese: śǝ́j

Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́j

Late Postclassic Chinese: śɨ́j

Middle Chinese: śí

English meaning : dung, excrement [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) испражнения, кал; навоз; 2) дрянной, мерзкий, негодный

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 44

Four-angle index: 5311

Karlgren code: 0561 d

Jianchuan Bai: si1

Dali Bai: si1

Bijiang Bai: šer1

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 720

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 屎

MC description : 止開三上旨書

ZIHUI: 1452 0502

Beijing: ṣî_ 2

Jinan: ṣî_ 2

Xi'an: si_ 2

Taiyuan: si_ 2

Hankou: si_ 2

Chengdu: si_ 2

Yangzhou: si_ 2

Suzhou: sü 2

Wenzhou: u 31

Changsha: ṣî_ 2

Shuangfeng: ṣî_ 2

Nanchang: si_ 2

Meixian: si_ 2

Guangzhou: ši 21

Xiamen: ʒiau 32 (lit.); ʒio 32

Chaozhou: sai 21

Fuzhou: sai 2

Shanghai: si_ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: ši_ 2

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *xlì

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: faeces

Sunwar: khrī

Tulung: khli

Kaling: khli

Limbu: hi

Dumi: khil

Kulung: khil

Yamphu: hi 'faeces', hi:ma 'defecate'

Comments: Toba 90 *khli. Cf. *khli 'intestines'.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: hi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: shit.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: khil

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: shit, faeces

Nepali: guhu, disā, ṭaṭī.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: khil

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: faeces, ash (of a cigarette)

Nepali: guhu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: hi

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: faeces, turd.

Nepali: guhu

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *delk

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: dung

Yasin: delk

Hunza: dilk

Nagar: dilk

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *siri-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 excrement (of birds) 2 dysentery 3 to have dysentery

Bizkaian: zirin 1

Gipuzkoan: zirin 1

Salazarese: zirin-du 3

Lapurdian: zirin-eri 2, zirin-du 3

Baztanese: zirin 1, zirin-eri 2, zirin-du 3

Zuberoan: zirin-eri 2, zirin-tü 3

Roncalese: zirin-tu 3, (Uztárroz) zirin-eri 2

Comments: Azkue cites zirin 'diarrhea' as "c" (common Bsq).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : slime, dirt

Eurasiatic : *SVlV

Afroasiatic : *caḥil- (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *śiɫɨ̄́ (cf. also *č_Häɫu)

Amerind (misc.) : *salak 'pitch (resin)' (R 552)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *SVlV

Meaning: slime

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *sleug'- etc.

Altaic: *sila

Uralic: *śiĺke (*śüĺke) (cf. also *śuδ́a )

Kartvelian: *slek-

Comments: Same root as *siLV? Cf. also *ʒaĺV.

References: МССНЯ 365; ND 2062 *śüĺ/ẑü(-kE) ~ *śil/ẑi(-kE) 'mucus, slime, saliva, to spit' (+ Bj.; ?+ Drav. *djol- 'saliva'); 2197 *ŝ[ü]LʕV ~ *ŝ[ü]ẑV 'dew' (+ Berb.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(s)lūg'-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to slip, to slip down

Slavic: *lɨ̄́žā, *lɨ̄́žъvā; *lɨ̄́zgātī; *lɨ̄́zgāvъ(jь)

Baltic: *šlüǯ-iā̃ f., *šleũǯ- vb., *šluǯ-jā̂-, *šlüǯ-jā̂- vb.

Germanic: *slūk-a- vb., *slūk-a- m., etc.

Russ. meaning: скользить, сползать etc.

References: WP II 711

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *šlüǯ-a- c., *šleũǯ- vb., *šluǯ-jā̂-, *šlüǯ-jā̂- vb.

Meaning: slide, creep

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: šliužaĩ pl. `Schlittschuhe', šliū̃žēs 'Rutspur eines Schlittens\; šlaũžti, šliaũžti `kriechen' (MEV III: 942)

Lettish: služât, šl̨užât `schlurren, glitschen, rutschen'; *služa ~ *služ(u)s 'Zugspur'; sluzns 'niedrig, niedrig gelegen', slàugzna², slaugsna 'Eiskruste auf der Schnee'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *slūkan- vb., *slūka-z, etc.

Meaning: crawl, steal by

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: { slūk `squamas' }

Old Saxon: slūk `afgeworpen slagenhuid'

Dutch: sluiken `schleichen, schmuggeln', ter sluik `heimlich'

Middle High German: slūch st. m. `(schlangen)haut, röhre, schlauch'

German: Schlauch; { schweiz. slūche `langsam, sleppend gehen', slūchi `langsamer Mensch' }

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1779

Root: (s)leuĝ-, (s)leuk̂-

English meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: `gleiten, schlüpfen'

General comments: nur germ. und balto-slav.; vgl. auch sleub-.

Material: Ndl. sluiken `schleichen, schmuggeln', schweiz. slūche `schleppend gehen', slūchi `langsamer, schleichender, heimtückischer Mensch'; mhd. slūch `Schlangenhaut, Schlauch' (eig. `worein geschlüpft wird'), nhd. Schlauch, and. slūk `squāmas'; daneben germ. sluh-, slug- (idg. *sleuk-) in schwed. dial. slu(v) (*slūhwō) `die Hülse um den empfindlichsten Teil im Horn oder Hufe', norw.slo `der fleischige Kern im Horn oder Hufe', mnd. slū `Fruchthülse, Fruchtbalg, Schale', nnd. auch slūwe, norddt. dial. Schlaube, mengl. slughe, slouh (engl. slough) `abgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; nd. slū, nhd. schlau, süddt. dial. schlauch ds. (*slūha-, eig. `schleichend');

    lit. šliũžės Pl. `Schlittschuhe', šliaũžti `kriechen' (šl- aus sl-), lett. šl'užât `glitschen'; russ. lýža `Schneeschuh; Schlittenbalken', klr. ɫýžva `Skier', russ. dial. lyzgátь `auf dem Eise gleiten, glitschen', lyznútь, lyzgonútь `davonrennen', bulg. lъ́zgav `glatt', lъ́zgam se `laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.

References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.

Pages: 964

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sila

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dew, liquid; hoar-frost

Russian meaning: роса, влага; иней

Turkic: *sil-

Mongolian: *sil-

Tungus-Manchu: *sile-

Korean: *sǝ̀rí

Comments: SKE 230, EAS 71-72, VEWT 435. Cf. also Old Koguryo *salgan 'frost' (Miller 1979, 8).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sil-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 slime

Russian meaning: 1 слюна, плевок 2 слизь

Turkish: sel, selik (dial.) 1

Middle Turkic: silik (Ettuhf.) 1

Uzbek: šilik 2

Uighur: šilim, šillik 2

Azerbaidzhan: selik 1

Kirghiz: silämägäj (R.) 1

Kazakh: sĭlemej 1

Comments: See ЭСТЯ 7. Most of the Turkic words for 'saliva' are attested late and look like borrowings < Mong. silü-kej; Yak. sil must also be borrowed (because of initial s-), perhaps from Mong. silö-sü (with secondary loss of suffix?). The above forms, however, can be hardly explained as mongolisms.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sil-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 slime 2 saliva 3 to get wet 4 slobbery

Russian meaning: 1 слизь 2 слюна 3 мокнуть 4 слюнявый

Written Mongolian: silaj 1 (L 749: šalai 'watery stool, diarrhea'), silö-sü(n) 2 (L 708), sil-boji- 3, silükei 4 (L 708)

Khalkha: šalaj 1, šüls 2, šolboj- 3, šülxij 4

Buriat: šülhe(n) 2

Kalmuck: šülsṇ 2 , šülkɛ̄ 4 (КРС)

Ordos: šölösü, šölös 2

Dagur: šuls 2 (Тод. Даг. 184: šulse, šille), šulese (MD 218)

Monguor: śorgo 'salive, bave' (SM 397)

Comments: MGCD 729. Mong. silükej > Turk. (Turkm. sülekej etc.).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sile-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dew

Russian meaning: роса

Evenki: sile-kse

Even: hīli

Negidal: sile-kse

Literary Manchu: sile-ŋgi

Jurchen: sie-le-un (10), cf. siel-hi 'spring' (48) (2-431)

Ulcha: silemse

Orok: śile-śke

Nanai: sile-mse

Oroch: sileŋse

Udighe: silihe

Solon: š́ilikš́i

Comments: See ТМС 2, 85-86.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sǝ̀rí

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: frost

Russian meaning: иней

Modern Korean: sǝri

Middle Korean: sǝ̀rí

Comments: Nam 299, KED 936.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 978

Proto: *śiĺke (*śüĺke)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: spittle, to spit

German meaning: Speichel, Spucke; speien, spucken

Finnish: sylki (gen. syljen) 'Speichel, Spucke', sylky-, sylkä-, sylke- 'spucken, speien'

Estonian: sülg (gen. sülje, süle) 'Speichel', sülga-, sülgi-, sülge- 'speien, spucken'

Saam (Lapp): čǫl'gâ -lg- (N) 'saliva', čǫl'gâ- -lg- 'spit', tjål'kå (L) 'Spucke, Speichel), tjål'kå- 'spucken'; čolk (Not.), t́š́oл̄^gk^(A) (T Kld.) 'Speichel', čolki̊- (T), čulke-, čolke- (Kld.), čolke- (Not. A)

Mordovian: śeĺge (E), śeĺgä (M) 'Speichel', śeĺge- (E M) 'speien, spucken'

Mari (Cheremis): šǝwǝĺ-wǝt (KB), šüwǝ̑l (U), šüwǝ̑l-wüt (B) 'Speichel', šǝwe- (KB), šüwala- (U B) 'speien, spucken'

Udmurt (Votyak): śal (Bor.) 'слюна', śalal- (S K G) 'speien, spucken'

Komi (Zyrian): śe̮lal- (S), śe̮va^.v- (P), śȯ^.lal- (PO) 'spucken, speien'

Khanty (Ostyak): sö̆jǝɣ- (V) 'speien'

Mansi (Vogul): süĺk- (TJ), säĺɣ- (KU), säĺĺ- (P), saĺɣ- (So.) 'spucken'

Sammalahti's version: *s'ülk/d'ki(-)

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *slek-/slik-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: лизать

English meaning: to lick

Georgian: slek-, slik-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): лизать, гладить

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to lick, to caress

Megrel: sirk-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 164, EWK 303. В МССHЯ 365 сравнивается с ПИЕ *sleu-ḱ-, *sleu-ǵ-, *sleu-b- 'скользкий', алт. *sulV / *silV 'слюна, слизь', урал. *śulke 'слюна, плевать', драв. *coḷḷ- 'слизь, слюна' < ностр. *śulV.

Afroasiatic etymology :

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