Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇aq̇a / *q̇ʷaq̇ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dung, manure, faeces 2 dry dung 3 pus, matter

Avar: ʕaʕá 1

Akhvakh: q̇ʷaq̇ʷa 2

Chamalal: ā 3

Comments: The source of Akhv. labialisation is not clear.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇ā(w)q̇ā

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇aq̇a / *q̇ʷaq̇ʷa

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɨq̇V (~ -i-, - ̃-)

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇aq̇

Notes: An expressive reduplicated root, partially contaminating with *GHɨ̆lG_i q.v. Correspondences are regular, and the root should be reconstructed for PEC.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ɨq̇V (~ -i-, - ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mould

Ginukh: q̇eq̇o

Comments: Attested only in Gin., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇a(w)q̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 snivel 2 dried snivel in the nose 3 dirty

Lezghian: q̇aq̇ 2

Tabasaran: q̇aq̇-niš 1 (Khiv.)

Archi: q̇IabʁI-du 3

Comment: Cf. Arch. predic. q̇Iabq̇I. The Tab. form has an expressive suffix -(n)iš; Archi has expressive pharyngealization.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇ā(w)q̇ā́

Meaning: dirt, rubbish

North Caucasian: *q̇ā(w)q̇ā

Yenisseian: *kǝq-

Burushaski: *qhéqhi

Basque: *kaka

Comments and references : Secondary vowel shortening in PY.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *kǝq- ( ~ g-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: soot

Ket: kъ̄q

Yug: kъx

Comments: ССЕ 237. Werner 1, 474.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *qhéqhi

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: dirt (nurs. word)

Hunza: qhéqhi

Nagar: qhéqhi

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *kaka

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: excrement, excretion

Bizkaian: kaka

Gipuzkoan: kaka

High Navarrese: kaka

Low Navarrese: k(h)aka

Lapurdian: k(h)aka

Zuberoan: khaka

Roncalese: kaka

Comments: Azkue cites the compounds: beharri-kaka 'earwax', begi-kaka 'eye-sand', sudur-kaka 'dried snot'. An expressive word common to many languages.

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